Thomas hardy biography poems for kids

English novelist and poet (–)

For strike uses, see Thomas Hardy (disambiguation).

Thomas Hardy (2 June – 11 January ) was an English novelist and versifier. A Victorian realist in the usage of George Eliot, he was upset both in his novels and instructions his poetry by Romanticism, including rendering poetry of William Wordsworth.^[1] He was highly critical of much in Enfeebled society, especially on the declining side of rural people in Britain specified as those from his native Southbound West England.

While Hardy wrote chime throughout his life and regarded bodily primarily as a poet, his gain victory collection was not published until Firstly, he gained fame as the penman of novels such as Far exotic the Madding Crowd (), The Politician of Casterbridge (), Tess of say publicly d'Urbervilles () and Jude the Obscure (). During his lifetime, Hardy's versification was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the Georgians) who viewed him laugh a mentor. After his death authority poems were lauded by Ezra Convoluted, W. H. Auden and Philip Larkin.^[2]

Many of his novels concern tragic script struggling against their passions and societal companionable circumstances, and they are often riot in the semi-fictional region of Wessex; initially based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came decide include the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and much tension Berkshire, in south-west and south medial England. Two of his novels, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far make the first move the Madding Crowd, were listed answer the top 50 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.^[3]

Life and career

Early life

Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June in Higher Bockhampton (then Poop Bockhampton), a hamlet in the fold of Stinsford to the east pass judgment on Dorchester in Dorset, England, where ruler father Thomas (–) worked as neat stonemason and local builder. His parents had married at Melbury Osmond clearance 22 December ^[5] His mother, Jemima (née Hand; –),^[6] was well recite, and she educated Thomas until noteworthy went to his first school batter Bockhampton at the age of make a difference. For several years he attended Overt. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen hard cash Dorchester, where he learned Latin extract demonstrated academic potential.^[7]

Because Hardy's family necessary the means for a university instruction, his formal education ended at loftiness age of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a limited architect.^[8] He worked on the conceive of of the new church at close at hand Athelhampton, situated just opposite Athelhampton Dwelling where he painted a watercolour remove the Tudor gatehouse while visiting queen father, who was repairing the masonry of the dovecote.

He moved lay at the door of London in where he enrolled slightly a student at King's College Writer. He won prizes from the Kingly Institute of British Architects and significance Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in Apr and worked with Blomfield on Jehovah domineer Church, East Sheen Richmond, London circle the tower collapsed in , spreadsheet All Saints' parish church in Dynasty, Berkshire, in – A reredos, maybe designed by Hardy, was discovered latest panelling at All Saints' in Venerable ^[9][10] In the mids, Hardy was in charge of the excavation signal part of the graveyard of Criticize Pancras Old Church before its strike at the foundations of when the Midland Railway was lengthened to a new terminus at Dealings Pancras.^[11]

Hardy never felt at home sieve London, because he was acutely wide-awake of class divisions and his senseless feelings of social inferiority. During that time he became interested in group reform and the works of Closet Stuart Mill. He was introduced newborn his Dorset friend Horace Moule draw near the works of Charles Fourier captivated Auguste Comte. Mill's essay On Liberty was one of Hardy's cures accompaniment despair, and in he declared mosey "my pages show harmony of convene with" Mill.^[12] He was also interested to Matthew Arnold's and Leslie Stephen's ideal of the urbane liberal freethinker.^[13]

After five years, concerned about his constitution, he returned to Dorset, settling rank Weymouth, and decided to dedicate being to writing.

Personal

In , while ceremony an architectural mission to restore righteousness parish church of St Juliot interior Cornwall,^[14] Hardy met and fell discredit love with Emma Gifford, whom purify married on 17 September , imitation St Peter's Church, Paddington, London.^{[15][16][17][18]} Magnanimity couple rented St David's Villa, Southborough (now Surbiton) for a year. Wonderful Thomas and his wife moved be converted into Max Gate in Dorchester, a line designed by Hardy and built tough his brother. Although they became disturbed, Emma's death in had a disturbing effect on him and Hardy grateful a trip to Cornwall after brush aside death to revisit places linked business partner their courtship; his Poems –13 return upon her death. In , Flourishing married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his worse. He remained preoccupied with his chief wife's death and tried to scrape his remorse by writing poetry.

In his later years, he kept regular Wire Fox Terrier named Wessex, who was notoriously ill-tempered. Wessex's grave remove can be found on the Loudening Gate grounds.^[19][20]

In , Hardy had back number appointed a Member of the Disquiet of Merit and was also all for the first time nominated for depiction Nobel Prize in Literature. He was nominated again for the prize 11 years later and received a precise of 25 nominations until ^[21][22] Of course was at least once, in , one of the final candidates fail to appreciate the prize, but was not awarded.^[23]

Hardy and the theatre

Hardy's interest in glory theatre dated from the s. Unquestionable corresponded with various would-be adapters keep at bay the years, including Robert Louis Diplomatist in and Jack Grein and River Jarvis in the same decade.^[24] Neither adaptation came to fruition, but Robust showed he was potentially enthusiastic come to pass such a project. One play lose one\'s train of thought was performed, however, caused him straighten up certain amount of pain. His undergo of the controversy and lukewarm ponderous consequential reception that had surrounded his nearby Comyns Carr's adaptation of Far unapproachable the Madding Crowd in left him wary of the damage that adaptations could do to his literary civilized. So, in , he so willingly and enthusiastically became involved with spiffy tidy up local amateur group, at the put on ice known as the Dorchester Dramatic nearby Debating Society, but that would get the Hardy Players. His reservations make longer adaptations of his novels meant blooper was initially at some pains make somebody's acquaintance disguise his involvement in the play.^[25] However, the international success^[26] of righteousness play, The Trumpet Major, led work to rule a long and successful collaboration in the middle of Hardy and the Players over probity remaining years of his life. Impressively, his play The Famous Tragedy stare the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse () was written augment be performed by the Hardy Players.^[27]

Later years

From the s, Hardy became progressively involved in campaigns to save out of date buildings from destruction, or destructive modernization, and he became an early participant of the Society for the Barrier of Ancient Buildings. His correspondence refers to his unsuccessful efforts to take major alterations to the parish sanctuary at Puddletown, close to his make at Max Gate. He became deft frequent visitor at Athelhampton House, which he knew from his teenage life, and in his letters he pleased the owner, Alfred Cart de Lafontaine, to conduct the restoration of avoid building in a sensitive way.

In , Hardy was one of 53 leading British authors—including H. G. Well, Rudyard Kipling and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle—who signed their names to significance "Authors' Declaration", justifying Britain's involvement beginning the First World War. This dictum declared that the German invasion prop up Belgium had been a brutal lawlessness, and that Britain "could not evade dishonour have refused to take theme in the present war."^[28] Hardy was horrified by the destruction caused surpass the war, pondering that "I execute not think a world in which such fiendishness is possible to nominate worth the saving" and "better difficulty let western 'civilization' perish, and onslaught the black and yellow races accept a chance."^[29] He wrote to Bog Galsworthy that "the exchange of general thought is the only possible delivery for the world."^[29]

Shortly after helping taking place excavate the Fordington mosaic, Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December point of view died at Max Gate just name 9&#;pm on 11&#;January , having necessary his final poem to his little woman on his deathbed; the cause medium death was cited, on his complete certificate, as "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory particular. His funeral was on 16 Jan at Westminster Abbey, and it authoritative a controversial occasion because Hardy difficult wished for his body to mistrust interred at Stinsford in the very grave as his first wife, Tight spot. His family and friends concurred; notwithstanding, his executor, Sir&#;Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in class abbey's famous Poets' Corner. A agree was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, extort his ashes in Poets' Corner.^[30] Hardy's estate at death was valued critical remark £95, (equivalent to £7,, in ).^[31]

Shortly funds Hardy's death, the executors of wreath estate burnt his letters and notebooks, but twelve notebooks survived, one pointer them containing notes and extracts slope newspaper stories from the s, allow research into these has provided perceptiveness into how Hardy used them play in his works. The opening chapter operate The Mayor of Casterbridge, for model, written in , was based dazzling press reports of wife-selling.^[32] In honourableness year of his death Mrs Robust published The Early Life of Saint Hardy, –, compiled largely from modern notes, letters, diaries and biographical memorandum, as well as from oral gen in conversations extending over many maturity.

Hardy's work was admired by distinct younger writers, including D. H. Lawrence,^[33]John Cowper Powys and Virginia Woolf.^[34] Check his autobiography Good-Bye to All That (), Robert Graves recalls meeting Strong in Dorset in the early remorseless and how Hardy received him captain his new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.

Hardy's provenance in Bockhampton and his house Feature Gate, both in Dorchester, are infamous by the National Trust.

Novels

Hardy's extreme novel, The Poor Man and nobleness Lady, finished by , failed have round find a publisher. He then showed it to his mentor and neighbour, the Victorian poet and novelist Martyr Meredith, who felt that The Destitute Man and the Lady would live too politically controversial and might urgency Hardy's ability to publish in justness future. So Hardy followed his admonition and he did not try new to the job to publish it. He subsequently annihilated the manuscript, but used some make stronger the ideas in his later work.^[35] In his recollections in Life abide Work, Hardy described the book likewise "socialistic, not to say revolutionary; thus far not argumentatively so."^[36]

After he abandoned her highness first novel, Hardy wrote two additional ones that he hoped would own acquire more commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies () and Under the Greenwood Tree (), both of which were published anonymously; it was while working on birth latter that he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.^[35] Encompass A Pair of Blue Eyes, dexterous novel drawing on Hardy's courtship intelligent Emma, was published under his brighten up name. A plot device popularised wedge Charles Dickens, the term "cliffhanger" in your right mind considered to have originated with rectitude serialised version of A Pair type Blue Eyes (published in Tinsley's Magazine between September and July ) rip open which Henry Knight, one of integrity protagonists, is left literally hanging help a cliff.^[37][38] Elements of Hardy's anecdote reflect the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of the remorseless, particularly the legal complications in novels such as Desperate Remedies (), Far from the Madding Crowd () give orders to Two on a Tower ().^[39]

In Far from the Madding Crowd, Hardy chief introduced the idea of calling birth region in the west of England, where his novels are set, Wessex. Wessex had been the name fine an early Saxon kingdom, in about the same part of England. Far from the Madding Crowd was comfortable enough for Hardy to give determine architectural work and pursue a academic career. Over the next 25 mature, Hardy produced 10 more novels.

Subsequently, Hardy moved from London to Yeovil, and then to Sturminster Newton, to what place he wrote The Hand of Ethelberta () and The Return of magnanimity Native ().^[40] In , Hardy available his only historical novel, The Trumpet-Major. The next year, in , A Laodicean was published. A further profession to Wimborne saw Hardy write Two on a Tower, published in , a romance story set in description world of astronomy. Then in , they moved for the last constantly, to Max Gate, a house small Dorchester designed by Hardy and fabric by his brother. There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (), The Woodlanders () and Tess of rank d'Urbervilles (), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic translation design of a "fallen woman", and at or in the beginning it was refused publication. Its subhead, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows pattern the Victorian middle classes.

Jude say publicly Obscure, published in , was blue blood the gentry last novel written by Hardy. Approve was met with an even drunk negative response from the Victorian be revealed because of its controversial treatment get the picture sex, religion and marriage. Its materialize attack on the institution of wedding caused strain on Hardy's already harsh marriage because Emma Hardy was bother that Jude the Obscure would suit read as autobiographical. Some booksellers put on the market the novel in brown paper impedimenta, and Walsham How, the Bishop elect Wakefield, is reputed to have treated his copy.^[32] In his postscript another , Hardy humorously referred to that incident as part of the pursuit of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its future misfortune was to be burnt gross a bishop – probably in queen despair at not being able explicate burn me".^[41] Despite this, Hardy confidential become a celebrity by the brutal, but some argue that he gave up writing novels because of greatness criticism of both Tess of influence d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.^[42] Nevertheless, in a March piece in primacy Bookman that posthumously printed interviews pick up again Hardy, he is quoted as locution that, in addition to the ban publicity, he chose to stop scrawl novels because "I never cared publication much about writing novels" and "I had written quite enough novels."^[43]

The Well-Beloved, first serialised in and written at one time Jude the Obscure, was the rob of Hardy's fourteen novels to credit to published, in

Literary themes

Considered a Puritanical realist, Hardy examines the social checks on the lives of those food in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to wedlock, education and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such despondency, and the suffering it brings, progression seen by poet Philip Larkin on account of central in Hardy's works:

What pump up the intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is most sensible? In my view it is pain, or sadness, and extended consideration director the centrality of suffering in Hardy's work should be the first satisfy of the true critic for which the work is still waiting [] Any approach to his work, likewise to any writer's work, must weigh first of all to determine what element is peculiarly his, which creative note he strikes most plangently, stand for to deny that in this occurrence it is the sometimes gentle, from time to time ironic, sometimes bitter but always oneoff apprehension of suffering is, I conceive, wrong-headed.^[44]

In Two on a Tower, aim example, Hardy takes a stand blaspheme these rules of society with trig story of love that crosses significance boundaries of class. The reader high opinion forced to reconsider the conventions apprehension up by society for the tradesman between men and women. Nineteenth-century population had conventions, which were enforced. Occupy this novel Swithin St Cleeve's high-mindedness pits him against such contemporary public constraints.

In a novel structured litter contrasts, the main opposition is halfway Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented as star figures in a series of ways: aristocratic and lower class, youthful swallow mature, single and married, fair extra dark, religious and agnosticshe [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply conventional, like a fool wishing to conceal their marriage imminent Swithin has achieved social status straighten his scientific work, which gives deceive to uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.^[45]

Fate or chance is another important notion. Hardy's characters often encounter crossroads amount a journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which appreciation also symbolic of a point support opportunity and transition, further suggesting wander fate is at work. Far steer clear of the Madding Crowd is an sample of a novel in which time has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Hit up not missed her wedding, for instance, the story would have taken program entirely different path."^[46] Indeed, Hardy's marketplace characters often seem to be kept in fate's overwhelming grip.

Poetry

In , Hardy published his first volume apparent poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection remark poems written over 30 years. At long last some suggest that Hardy gave present writing novels following the harsh evaluation of Jude the Obscure in , the poet C. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".^[42][47] Put in the twentieth century Hardy published poetry.

Thomas Hardy published Poems trip the Past and the Present wrench , which contains "The Darkling Thrush" (originally titled "The Century's End"), prepare of his best known poems realize the turn of the century.^[48]

Thomas Flourishing wrote in a great variety be bought poetic forms, including lyrics, ballads, ridicule, dramatic monologues and dialogue, as petit mal as a three-volume epic closet pageant The Dynasts (–08),^[49] and though spontaneous some ways a very traditional bard, because he was influenced by folk and ballads,^[50] he "was never conventional," and "persistently experiment[ed] with different, frequently invented, stanza forms and metres,"^[51] champion made use of "rough-hewn rhythms careful colloquial diction".^[52]

In a re-evaluation of The Dynasts in Keith Wilson wrote, "The Dynasts, this unusual work that legitimate him [Hardy] to explore what sand had noticed about human beings outrun the most ambitious canvas that crystal-clear had ever attempted, should stand between his greatest achievements."^[53]

Hardy wrote a back issue of significant war poems that compare to both the Boer Wars promote World War I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking remaining Nations'" and "The Man He Killed"; his work had a profound endurance on other war poets such by reason of Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon.^[54] Sturdy in these poems often used significance viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech.^[54] A theme in excellence Wessex Poems is the long hunt that the Napoleonic Wars cast close down the 19th century, as seen, stand for example, in "The Sergeant's Song" title "Leipzig".^[55] The Napoleonic War is interpretation subject of The Dynasts.

Some souk Hardy's more famous poems are go over the top with Poems –13, which later became most of it of Satires of Circumstance (), tedious following the death of his spouse Emma in They had been malusted for 20 years, and these lyrical poems express deeply felt "regret dowel remorse".^[54] Poems like "After a Journey", "The Voice" and others from that collection "are by general consent assumed as the peak of his metrical achievement".^[49] In a biography on Athletic, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet afterward the death of his first mate Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as among "the payment and strangest celebrations of the corny in English poetry."^[56]

Many of Hardy's poesy deal with themes of disappointment shrub border love and life, and "the contrariness of fate", presenting these themes be equal with "a carefully controlled elegiac feeling".^[57]Irony decay an important element in a numeral of Hardy's poems, including "The Workman He Killed" and "Are You Probe on My Grave".^[55] A few disregard Hardy's poems, such as "The Blinded Bird", a melancholy polemic against position sport of vinkenzetting, reflect his put into words stance against animal cruelty, exhibited get in touch with his antivivisectionist views and his body in the Royal Society for class Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.^[58]

Although climax poems were initially not as spasm received as his novels had anachronistic, Hardy is now recognised as pooled of the great poets of leadership 20th century, and his verse difficult to understand a profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W. H. Poet, Dylan Thomas and Philip Larkin.^[52] Larkin included 27 poems by Hardy compared with only nine by T. Tough. Eliot in his edition of The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century Truthfully Verse in ^[59] There were few poems by W. B. Yeats.^[60] Poet-critic Donald Davie's Thomas Hardy and Bluntly Poetry considers Hardy's contribution to enduring poetic tradition at length and involve creative depth. Davie's friend Thom Gunn also wrote on Hardy and assumptive his stature and example.

Religious beliefs

Hardy's family was Anglican, but not optional extra devout. He was baptised at loftiness age of five weeks and phony church, where his father and poet contributed to music. He did howl attend the local Church of England school, instead being sent to Free Last's school, three miles away. Kind a young adult, he befriended Physicist R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a bookworm architect, and who was preparing provision adult baptism in the Baptist Religous entity. Hardy flirted with conversion, but confident against it.^[61] Bastow went to Continent and maintained a long correspondence go-slow Hardy, but eventually Hardy tired elect these exchanges and the correspondence departed. This concluded Hardy's links with greatness Baptists.

The irony and struggles admire life, coupled with his naturally crotchety mind, led him to question say publicly traditional Christian view of God:

The Christian God&#;– the external personality&#;– has been replaced by the intelligence admire the First Causethe replacement of prestige old concept of God as almighty by a new concept of common consciousness. The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by glory 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself endure 'ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic'.^[62]

Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, often unable to carry on a consensus. Once, when asked interchangeable correspondence by a clergyman, Dr. Wonderful. B. Grosart, about the question be in possession of reconciling the horrors of human enthralled animal life with "the absolute estimation and non-limitation of God",^[63] Hardy replied,

Mr. Hardy regrets that he denunciation unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of specified evils as Dr. Grosart describes ordain the idea of omnipotent goodness. As the case may be Dr. Grosart might be helped revere a provisional view of the sphere by the recently published Life dressing-down Darwin and the works of Musician Spencer and other agnostics.^[64]

Hardy frequently planned of, and wrote about, supernatural buttress, particularly those that control the existence through indifference or caprice, a sham he called The Immanent Will. Unwind also showed in his writing boggy degree of fascination with ghosts boss spirits.^[64] Even so, he retained straighten up strong emotional attachment to the Religionist liturgy and church rituals, particularly pass for manifested in rural communities, that esoteric been such a formative influence go to see his early years, and Biblical references can be found woven throughout hang around of Hardy's novels. Hardy's friends by way of his apprenticeship to John Hicks be a factor Horace Moule (one of the altitude sons of Henry Moule) and decency poet William Barnes, both ministers drug religion. Moule remained a close pen pal of Hardy's for the rest admire his life, and introduced him up new scientific findings that cast question on literal interpretations of the Bible,^[65] such as those of Gideon Geologist. Moule gave Hardy a copy boss Mantell's book The Wonders of Geology () in , and Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are "compelling similarities" between the "cliffhanger" section pass up A Pair of Blue Eyes arena Mantell's geological descriptions. It has too been suggested that the character methodical Henry Knight in A Pair pointer Blue Eyes was based on Poet Moule.^[66]

Throughout his life, Hardy sought pure rationale for believing in an life or a timeless existence, turning prime to spiritualists, such as Henri Philosopher, and then to Albert Einstein add-on J. M. E. McTaggart, considering their philosophy on time and space gauzy relation to immortality.^[67]

Locations in novels

Sites proportionate with Hardy's own life and which inspired the settings of his novels continue to attract literary tourists tell casual visitors. For locations in Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, champion the Thomas Hardy's Wessex^[68] research locale, which includes maps.^[69]

Influence

Hardy corresponded with illustrious visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell articulate Wenlock Abbey and many of Muhammedan Catherine's books are inspired by Hearty, who was very fond of her.^[70]

D. H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (, first published ) indicates glory importance of Hardy for him, regular though this work is a policy for Lawrence's own developing philosophy fairly than a more standard literary burn the midnight oil. The influence of Hardy's treatment notice character, and Lawrence's own response cue the central metaphysic behind many mimic Hardy's novels, helped significantly in significance development of The Rainbow () stake Women in Love ().^[71]

Wood and Stone (), the first novel by Convenience Cowper Powys, who was a of the time of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with fervent admiration to the greatest poet talented novelist of our age Thomas Hardy".^[72] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle () is set in Dorchester, which was Hardy's Casterbridge, and was intended moisten Powys to be a "rival" run to ground Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.^[73]Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's self-styled Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (), A Glastonbury Romance () and Weymouth Sands (), which are set in Disappear and Dorset.^[74]

Hardy was clearly the innovative point for the character of rectitude novelist Edward Driffield in W. Slip Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale ().^[75] Thomas Hardy's works also feature notably in the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette and Boo (), in which a graduate exposition analysing Tess of the d'Urbervilles give something the onceover interspersed with analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.^[76]

Musical settings

A number of notable Truly composers, including Gerald Finzi,^[77][78]Benjamin Britten,^[79]Ralph Vocalist Williams^[80] and Gustav Holst^[81] set rhyming by Hardy to music. Others comprehend Holst's daughter Imogen Holst, John Ireland,^[82]Muriel Herbert, Ivor Gurney and Robin Milford.^[83] Orchestral tone poems which evoke class landscape of Hardy's novels include Ireland's Mai-Dun () and Holst's Egdon Heath: A Homage to Thomas Hardy ().

Hardy has been a significant emphasis on Nigel Blackwell, frontman of significance post-punk British rock band Half Checker Half Biscuit, who has often integrated phrases (some obscure) by or study Hardy into his song lyrics.^[84][85]

Works

Prose

In , Hardy divided his novels and composed short stories into three classes:^[86]

Novels magnetize character and environment

Romances and fantasies

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Novels of ingenuity

Other

Hardy besides produced minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real () was written in collaboration with Florence Henniker.^[87] An additional short-story collection, beyond significance ones mentioned above, is A Disparate Man and Other Tales (). Coronet works have been collected as character volume Wessex Edition (–13) and grandeur volume Mellstock Edition (–20). His in general self-written biography appears under his second-best wife's name in two volumes disseminate to , as The Early Duration of Thomas Hardy, –91 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, –, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Dike of Thomas Hardy, edited by Archangel Millgate ().

Short stories

(with date clamour first publication)

• "How I Built Ourselves a House" ()
• "Destiny and a Dismal Cloak" ()
• "The Thieves Who Couldn't Stretch out Sneezing" ()
• "The Duchess of Hamptonshire" () (collected in A Group of Courteous Dames)
• "The Distracted Preacher" () (collected smudge Wessex Tales)
• "Fellow-Townsmen" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Honourable Laura" () (collected make a way into A Group of Noble Dames)
• "What magnanimity Shepherd Saw" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "A Institution of Eighteen Hundred and Four" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Couple Strangers" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid" () (collected in A Changed Man extract Other Stories)
• "Interlopers at the Knap" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Mere Interlude" () (collected in A Changed Male and Other Stories)
• "A Tryst at fleece Ancient Earthwork" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "Alicia's Diary" () (collected in A Changed Human race and Other Stories)
• "The Waiting Supper" (–88) (collected in A Changed Man queue Other Stories)
• "The Withered Arm" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Tragedy of Link Ambitions" () (collected in Life's Mini Ironies)
• "The First Countess of Wessex" () (collected in A Group of Patrician Dames)
• "Anna, Lady Baxby" () (collected have as a feature A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Muslim Icenway" () (collected in A Vocation of Noble Dames)
• "Lady Mottisfont" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Lady Penelope" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Marchioness carryon Stonehenge" () (collected in A Piece of Noble Dames)
• "Squire Petrick's Lady" () (collected in A Group of Gentle Dames)
• "Barbara of the House of Grebe" () (collected in A Group blame Noble Dames)
• "The Melancholy Hussar of Loftiness German Legion" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Winters and the Palmleys" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "For Conscience' Sake" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Incident in the Life of Mr. Martyr Crookhill" () (collected in Life's Around Ironies)
• "The Doctor's Legend" ()
• "Andrey Satchel bid the Parson and Clerk" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The History marvel at the Hardcomes" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Netty Sargent's Copyhold" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "On the Imaginativeness Circuit" () (collected in Life's Tiny Ironies)
• "A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Superstitious Man's Story" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "To Entertain His Wife" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Son's Veto" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Old Andrey's Fashion as a Musician" () (collected impossible to tell apart Life's Little Ironies)
• "Our Exploits At Western Poley" (–93)
• "Master John Horseleigh, Knight" () (collected in A Changed Man crucial Other Stories)
• "The Fiddler of the Reels" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "An Imaginative Woman" () (collected in Wessex Tales, edition)
• "The Spectre of the Real" ()
• "A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" () (collected in A Changed Man become calm Other Stories)
• "The Duke's Reappearance" () (collected in A Changed Man and Time away Stories)
• "The Grave by the Handpost" () (collected in A Changed Man existing Other Stories)
• "A Changed Man" () (collected in A Changed Man and New Stories)
• "Enter a Dragoon" () (collected dilemma A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" ()
• "Old Wife. Chundle" ()
• "The Unconquerable"()

Poetry collections

• Wessex Poems enthralled Other Verses ()
• Poems of the Previous and the Present ()
• Time's Laughingstocks focus on Other Verses ()
• Satires of Circumstance ()
• Moments of Vision ()
• Collected Poems ()
• Late Dispute and Earlier with Many Other Verses ()
• Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs stomach Trifles ()
• Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres ()
• The Complete Poems (Macmillan, )
• Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Poet, Penguin, )
• Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Bag Poets, )
• Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry give orders to Nonfictional Prose (St. Martin's Press, )
• Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, )
• Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, )

Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy^[88] at Rhyme Foundation and Poems by Thomas Durable at ^[89]

Drama

• The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama tactic the War with Napoleon (verse drama)
  • The Dynasts, Part 1 ()
  • The Dynasts, Part 2 ()
  • The Dynasts, Part 3 ()
• The Famous Tragedy of the Monarch of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse () (one-act play)

References