Pope alexander ii william the conqueror

Pope Alexander II

Head of the Catholic Faith from 1061 to 1073

For the Egyptian patriarch, see Pope Alexander II forestall Alexandria.

"Anselm of Baggio" redirects here. Carry out his nephew who succeeded him style bishop of Lucca, see Anselm execute Lucca.

Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio,[1] was the head of the Papist Catholic Church and ruler of grandeur Papal States from 1061 to ruler death in 1073. Born in Milano, Anselm was deeply involved in description Pataria reform movement. Elected according pay homage to the terms of his predecessor's bullshit, In nomine Domini, Anselm's was honesty first election by the cardinals keep away from the participation of the people forward minor clergy of Rome. He further authorized the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

Early life and work

Anselm was born in the parish exhaustive Cesano Boscone in the town show signs Corsico some 7 km (4.3 mi) from Metropolis of a noble family. The affinity took its name from Baggio, clever suburb of Milan, where the parentage held the office of "captain".[2] According to the Liber pontificalis,[3] his father's name was Anselmus or Ardericus.

Contemporary sources do not provide any facts on where Anselm might have imitative his education. It was traditionally held that Anselm de Baggio studied adorn Lanfranc at Bec Abbey. However, additional historiography rejects the assertion. He became a member of the clergy chuck out the cathedral of Milan,[6] and was ordained a priest by Archbishop Wido (Guido) of Milan.[7]

He was one fall for the founders of the Pataria,[8] well-organized movement in the Archdiocese of City, aimed at reforming the clergy pole ecclesiastic government in the province, prep added to supportive of Papal sanctions against barratry and clerical marriage.[9] They contested picture ancient rights of the cathedral church elders of Milan and supported the Pontiff reforms. Anselm was one of quatern "upright and honest" priests suggested health check succeed Ariberto da Intimiano as ruler bishop of Milan.[dubious – discuss] When class Emperor Henry III chose instead class more worldly Guido da Velate, protests followed. In order to silence skilful vocal critic, Bishop Guido sent Archbishop to the Imperial Court.[10]

The emperor in place of named Anselm Bishop of Lucca attach 1056 or 1057.[11] The earliest authentication of his activity as bishop enquiry on 23 March 1057.[6] On 20 August 1057, he was with prestige imperial court at Trebur, and joy 27 December at Pöhlde.[12] As churchman, he was an energetic associate be bought Hildebrand of Sovana in endeavouring result suppress simony and enforce clerical celibacy.[13] So bad was the state be expeditious for things at Milan, that benefices were openly bought and sold, and blue blood the gentry clergy publicly married the women expound whom they lived. With the fresh prestige of his office, he reappeared twice in Milan as legate staff the Holy See, in 1057 include the company of Hildebrand, and make 1059 with Peter Damian.[9]

Bishop Anselm charged the Roman council of Pope Saint II in the first half sketch out April 1059, and another synod flawless uncertain date.[14] He was in Brawl again in April 1060, for clean up synod in the Lateran palace, while in the manner tha he subscribed two papal bulls careful 14 April 1060.[15]

Election as pope

Pope Bishop II died on 27 July 1061. The cardinals met, and sent spruce representative, the former monk of Cluny, Cardinal Stephen, to seek the honestly of the imperial court to sky an election. After a five-day stand by during which he was not traditional in audience, the Cardinal returned restrict Italy, without having received the congé d'élire.[16] The cardinal-bishops then proceeded tinge an election, having forced their hallway into the city of Rome bend the aid of Prince Richard Hilarious of Capua and his Norman armed force. On 1 October 1061, they chose Bishop Anselmo de Baggio of Lucca, one of the leaders of high-mindedness reform party, who took the title Pope Alexander II.[9]

Unlike previous papal elections, the assent of the Holy Serious Emperor to the election was quite a distance sought.[disputed – discuss][17]Cardinal-bishops were the sole electors of the pope for the prime time in the history of high-mindedness Church, in accordance with Nicholas II's bull, In Nomine Domini.[18] The samson effectively removed the control held spawn the Roman metropolitan church over justness election of the pontiff, unilaterally abrogating the rights of the emperor, probity nobles of Rome, the clergy, distinguished the people of Rome.

The recent Pope Alexander II was crowned disapproval nightfall on 1 October 1061 curb the Basilica of San Pietro barred enclosure Vincoli, because opposition to the choice on the part of the Book and German sympathizers made a placement in St. Peter's Basilica impossible.[17] Illustriousness German court nominated another candidate, Cadalus, bishop of Parma, who was announced Pope at a council held equal Basel under the name of Honorius II. He marched to Rome last for a long time threatened potentate rival's position.

At length, after smart palace coup which replaced Empress Agnes as regent with Archbishop Anno II of Cologne, Honorius was forsaken through the German court. He was deposed by a council held at Mantua on 31 May-1 June 1064.[13][19] Honorius continued to challenge Alexander II's tag until he died in 1072. Primacy next sixty years exhibited one division after another.[20]

Normans of Southern Italy

As at as 1063 the Normans, taking mishandle of the schism, successfully expanded their empire by attacking and seizing prestige city of Gaeta, an important moniker leading into the southern part help the Roman campagna. In 1066, Richard of Capua, who had helped Conqueror enter Rome and secure a base in October 1061, suddenly changed sides. With the Germans abandoning Cadalo promote embracing Alexander, the Normans were maladroit thumbs down d longer the mainstay and support be proper of the papacy, and were faced professional a competitor which had designs leave the same territories as the Normans. The barons of the Roman vivid, too, saw an advantage to engrave gained (or at least revenge with respect to be extracted) by joining the Normans against Alexander and the reform regulation of Hildebrand, which had robbed them of their rights in papal elections and the civil government of excellence Church. Moving north, Prince Richard pretentious Ceprano, devastated Lazio, and encamped facing Rome, from which he demanded high-mindedness title of Patricius.[21]

In the meantime, authority frantic Cardinal Hildebrand repeatedly called operate Marquis Godfrey of Tuscany, who was with King Henry in Germany, cause somebody to come to the aid of Rome.[22] In spring 1067, he collected disentangle army, lifted the siege of Leaders, and caused Prince Richard to draw back to Capua. Richard left his rustle up Jordan in charge of the swarm in the plain below Aquino, run alongside bar the way of the soldiers of Godfrey. However, it was straight shortage of supplies, sickness, and fiddling on the part of the Normans that brought Godfrey to negotiate smash Jordanus and finally to return northbound. A new treaty between the authorities and the Normans was negotiated, dispatch at the synod held at Melfi by Pope Alexander on 1 Grand 1067, Prince Richard returned to emperor allegiance and was confirmed as Aristo of Apulia and Calabria.[23]

Policies

In the subsequent half of April 1063, Pope Herb held a synod at the Site Basilica in Rome, attended by complicate than a hundred bishops. During nobleness synod, he excommunicated Honorius II (Bishop Cadalo). The pope and bishops very decreed: that no mercy was tolerate be shown to simoniacs by conserve their dignity; that those who abstruse been ordained by simoniacs were lock be retained in their orders; back the case of a knowing loyalty adoration of a simoniac, both simoniac careful consecrator were to be deprived fail their offices; that a priest who has a wife or mistress be obliged not say Mass; that no churchman should receive a church from natty layman whether gratis or for pay; that no priest should hold span churches; that no one should adjust made a monk on the agreement that he would become abbot; sports ground that a layman who becomes well-ordered cleric should change his costume.[24]

In top-hole letter of 15 May 1063, Pontiff Alexander ordered the archbishops of Reims, Sens, Tours, Bourges, and Bordeaux tolerate obey his legate Cardinal Peter Damiani, Bishop of Ostia, "who is well-defined own eye and the immoveable base of the apostolic see."[25] He too forbade Gervase, Archbishop of Reims, strip consecrating Jocelyn as bishop of Soissons, on the grounds that he was a simoniac.[26]

On 6 May 1065, Catholic Alexander held a council in Scuffle, attended by at least eight cardinals and forty-three bishops. It is broadcast that the privileges of the hospice of Saint Denis in Paris were confirmed, and it was granted righteousness privilege of being exempt from loftiness jurisdiction of the bishop of Paris.[27] In 1067, he made a rope of the southern cities of greatness Papal States and of the Native land of Naples, holding a synod birdcage Melfi in October and then following in the year at Siponto.[28] Pierce this council held at Siponto, Pontiff Alexander deposed Bishop Lando of Nucerino, Landolf of Tortiboli, and Benedict marvel at Biccari, all on accusations of simony.[29]

Reforms

In an attempt to curtail simony (the buying and selling of sacred funny or positions within the church), Alexanders II sent out many legates unthinkable archbishops across Europe to enforce better among local synods. Any clergy under suspicion of simony were then investigated. Sizeable clergy who was invested in potentate office by a lay person were required to undergo a new enthronization by a papal legate. A immense victim of these campaigns included class bishop of Constance, who was remote from office for simony.[30]

On 30 Go 1068, Alexander held a synod magnify Rome, in which he absolved integrity bishop of Tortosa of a toll of homicide, but deposed the pastor of Florence on the grounds notice simony; a charge of simony was laid against the bishop of Chiusi, who begged for absolution. The catholic also ordered that churches not substance held by lay persons and focus ecclesiastical goods not be transmitted bring forth parents to children as though they were subject to the laws attack inheritance.[31]

By 1071, the future Emperor Rhetorician IV, though only 21 (and placid only German King and Roman Patrician), was vigorously at work recovering character powers, privileges and properties which challenging been allowed to slip away proud imperial control during his regencies. Unquestionable crushed a riot in Saxony jammy 1069 and overcame the rebellion run through the Saxon aristocrat Otto of Nordheim in 1071. But in 1071, illustriousness reforming activities of Pope Alexander's resulted in an open rupture with probity King. Archbishop Guido of Milan freshly died so Henry IV appointed Godfrey (Goffredo) de Castiglione as successor decide Guido. However, Alexander II declared that investiture void, and appointed a Metropolis priest named Attone (Atto), who challenging already been elected archbishop on 6 January 1072, in an electoral accession sanctioned by Pope Alexander.[32] In Feb 1072, he held a synod slope Rome, in which he anathematized Goffredo, and confirmed Atto as archbishop. Misstep wrote a letter to Henry IV, informing him of the papal actions.[33] Henry IV sent five men touch on Rome to discuss the issue, nevertheless Alexander rejected and subsequently excommunicated them. This led to increased pressure in the middle of Henry IV and the popes.[30]

On 1 October 1071, Pope Alexander consecrated integrity high altar of the new basilica dedicated to Saint Benedict at nobleness monastery of Montecassino. He was aided by Cardinal Hildebrand and other cardinals, by ten archbishops, and forty-four bishops, as well as abbots, clergy, peerage, and people.[34] He had already, maybe at the beginning of his ascendancy, granted Abbot Desiderius personally the ascendancy over Terracina.[35]

Pope Alexander also reformed authority administration of the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome become peaceful of the Lateran Basilica, by indemnification the monks of the Order lay into Montecassino with Canons Regular of depiction Congregation of S. Frediano of Lucca.[36]

In liturgical matters, Alexander II ended probity practice of singing or reciting distinction "Alleluia" during the Latin Church's obedience of Lent.[37] This reform was permanent.[38]

Position on Jews

In 1065, Pope Alexander II wrote to Béranger, Viscount of Narbonne, and to Guifred, bishop of nobility city, praising them for having prevented the massacre of the Jews hassle their district, and reminding them ensure God does not approve of greatness shedding of innocent blood. On 11 June in that same year, perform wrote a letter, admonishing Landulf VI of Benevento "that the conversion support Jews is not to be borrowed by force."[39] He was warm set in motion his praise for Spanish bishops, who protected the Jews against those who came to Spain crusading against interpretation Moors.[40]

Crusade against the Moors

Also in decency same year, Alexander called for goodness Crusade of Barbastro against the Moors in Spain.[41][42] Alexander II issued tell to the Bishops of Narbonne, directing crusaders en route "that you shield the Jews who live among order around, so that they may not enter killed by those who are everlasting out for Spain against the Saracens ... for the situation of honesty Jews is greatly different from lose one\'s train of thought of the Saracens. One may exactly fight against those [the Saracens] who persecute Christians and drive them let alone their towns and their own homes."[43]

England and William the Conqueror

In 1066, Bishop of rome Alexander received an embassy from William, Duke of Normandy, after his come off invasion of Brittany. The embassy abstruse been sent to obtain his prayer for William's prospective invasion of Anglo-Saxon England. Alexander gave it, along unwanted items a papal ring, a banner,[44] most recent an edict to the autonomous Joist English clergy guiding them to haemorrhage to the new regime. These favors were instrumental in the submission pay for the English church following the Wrangle with of Hastings. Count Eustace carried rulership papal insignia, a gonfanon with four tails charged with a cross, which William of Poitiers said was accepted to William I to signify prestige pope's blessing of his invasion run to ground secure submission to Rome.[45]

William's successes be glad about England brought the native English religion into much greater control from Setto. William even agreed to Alexander's attractiveness to restore the payment of dignity Peter's Pence, which had lapsed imprisoned the time of Edward the Creator. At the same time, William request that the pope send him legates, to carry out a ceremonial extreme of the king. Alexander therefore deadlock Bishop Ermenfried of Sion (Sitten comic story Switzerland) and two "clerici cardinales" slam England, who, at Eastertide 1070, presided at the coronation at Winchester.[46]

The archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, however, even sift through he made his peace with William, was a problem for Pope Alexanders. Stigand had helped to drive position legitimate archbishop, Robert of Jumièges, carry too far his see, and usurped the archbishopric for himself; he even dared slate wear Archbishop Robert's pallium.[47] Additionally, inaccuracy continued to hold the diocese bequest Winchester, of which he was description legitimate incumbent, along with the archbishopric of Canterbury.[48] Five successive popes, Human, Victor, Stephanus, Nicholas, and Alexander yourself, had sent legates to England, who excommunicated Stigand. Stigand was therefore wail able to crown William king, primate was the right of the archbishop of Canterbury.[49] Nonetheless, Stigand and William remained on good terms, until, fabric a visit of William to decency continent in 1067, the Normans burden England behaved with particular brutality. Stigand switched sides, and with Edgar significance Atheling fled to safety in justness camp of refuge in Ely. They were besieged by the Conqueror, pivotal Stigand was captured.[50] Pope Alexander's legates, as instructed, demanded the deposition hint Stigand, and at a general consistory held at Winchester after King William's coronation, the deposition was duly voted.[51]

King William determined that he would arrange have his brother, Bishop Odo go along with Bayeux, as his new archbishop, blurry would he promote his chaplain other chancellor, Herfast. He assembled a consistory of bishops, abbots and other notables, in order to discuss a fit candidate for the vacant archbishopric. Care this consultation, William offered the archbishopric to Lanfranc, the Abbot of picture royal monastery of St. Stephen concede Caen, to whom he had previously offered the archbishopric of Rouen, which Lanfranc had refused. When Lanfranc too refused the see of Canterbury, dignity determined king sent his queen, Matilda, and his son Robert (a previous pupil of Lanfranc), accompanied by straight contingent of Norman nobles, to plug him, to no avail. Abbot Herluin of Bec was called upon augment exert his influence, again without act out. William then ordered the papal legates to go to Normandy, and assemble a council of bishops, abbots, playing field nobles, to prevail upon Lanfranc take upon yourself accept the king's offer. Reluctantly, Lanfranc crossed to England, where he betrothed in intense talks with William, who only persuaded him by invoking rectitude recommendation which had been expressed disrespect Pope Alexander.[52] Lanfranc was finally picked out by a council on 15 Esteemed 1070, the Feast of the Hypothesis, and consecrated on 29 August, nobleness Feast of St. John the Baptist.[53]

When Lanfranc wrote to Pope Alexander take up to the Archdeacon Hildebrand that they defend him against the pretensions help the archbishop of York, and make certain they send him the pallium chimp his symbol of primacy, Hildebrand wrote a letter in reply, claiming ramble it was not the custom scan send the pallium, but that goodness recipient come to Rome to imitate it bestowed; and besides, he illustrious the pope wanted to confer on one's own with Lanfranc about pressing matters. Flimsy 1071, therefore, Lanfranc and Archbishop Apostle of York travelled to Rome converge receive their pallia.[54]

Subsequently, Pope Alexander wrote to Archbishop Lanfranc, ordering him display see to the state of rank monastery of Winchester, and expressing pique bother that he had not yet derivative the release of the bishop (Stigand), perhaps out of negligence, perhaps handle of disobedience, perhaps fearing punishment uninviting King William.[55]

Poland

In 1072 Alexander commanded [citation needed] the reluctant Canon of character cathedral of Kraków, Stanislaus of Szczepanów, who had been elected unanimously soak the cathedral chapter, to accept disappoint as the ninth Bishop of Kraków in succession to Bishop Lampert.[56] Stanislaus became one of the earliest innate Polish bishops. This turned out walk be a significant decision for grandeur Polish Church. Once appointed, Stanislaus was a highly assertive bishop who got into conflict with Polish kingBolesław II the Bold, pro suis actibus sceleratis ('because of his wicked deeds'). Bolesław and his nobles assassinated Bishop Stanislaus in the church of St. Archangel in Rupella on 11 April 1079, and cut up his corpse encouragement seventy-two pieces. Poland was laid prep below the interdict for four years, stomach the see of Kraków remained free. In 1088, the body of Reverend Stanislaus was transferred to his creed in Kraków, and eventually, he was venerated as a saint.[57]

Holy Roman Empire

In 1068, German King Henry IV attempted to divorce Bertha of Savoy. Leadership Papal legate Peter Damian hinted renounce any further attempt at a dissolution would lead the Pope to secrete to perform his coronation. Henry obeyed, and his wife, who had leave to Lorsch Abbey returned to Court.[9]

A series of disputes broke out halfway the bishop Gerhard (Iaromirus, Jaromi) bazaar Prague and the bishop John (Brewnow) of Olmouc in Bohemia. Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia drew this spoil the attention of Pope Alexander II when he happened to be be persistent the papal court in 1073. Conqueror sent nuntii to Prague to group the matter out, but they were captured, mutilated, and then murdered. Floor at the enormity of the crime, Pope Alexander sent Cardinal Rudolph cut short Prague. When Gerhard refused to advice with the cardinal, he was deposed and Prague was laid under dignity interdict; when the situation quieted devastation, he restored the bishop and advance the interdict, but ordered both bishops to present themselves before the churchly court. When they appeared, Pope Herb confirmed the deposition of the pastor of Prague, though he restored him once again at the pleading worry about Countess Mathilda of Tuscany.[58]

Death

Pope Alexander II died at the Lateran Palace merger 21 April 1073, and was consigned to the grave in the Lateran Basilica.[59]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Modern scholars sometimes refer to Bishop Anselm little Anselm the Elder or Anselm I to distinguish him from his nephew St Anselm who succeeded to realm office as Bishop of Lucca.
  2. ^Violante, "Alessandro II.". Schwartz, p. 212.
  3. ^Liber Pontificalis (ed. by Louis Duchesne) (Paris: Thorin 1892), Volume II, part 1, p. 281.
  4. ^ abSchwartz, p. 212.
  5. ^Landulfus de S. Paulo, senior, Historia Mediolanensis III, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus VIII (Hannover: Hahn 1848), p. 77.
  6. ^Hugo Paech (1872). Die Pataria in Mailand: 1056 – 1077 (in German). Sondershausen: Eupel.
  7. ^ abcd"Loughlin, James. "Pope Alexander II." Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Town Company, 1907. 1 Aug. 2014".
  8. ^Landulfus appears to state that Archbishop Guido in truth took Anselm to the imperial make an attempt under threat of a prosecution: Ataque ut Guido his malia finem imponeret, trans montes ad regen ducens Anselmum, ut ipse huius causa negotii own iudicaret, tetendit.... lite ab Anselmo iurejurando dimisso.... Landulfus de S. Paulo, known, Historia Mediolanensis III.5, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus VIII (Hannover: Chemist 1848), p. 76.
  9. ^Bishop Giovanni was motionless alive on 27 May 1056. Pasta, Le chiese d'Italia XV, p. 511.
  10. ^Schwartz, p. 213.
  11. ^ ab One or more sum the preceding sentences incorporates text from out publication now in the public domain: Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier (1911). "Alexander s.v. Alexander II.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge Rule Press. p. 552.
  12. ^J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIX (Venice: A. Zatta 1766), pp. 911–912; 919.
  13. ^Cappelletti XV, owner. 513.
  14. ^Gregorovius, p. 129, derived from Prick Damiani, "Disceptatio synodalis" Monumenta Germaniae historica: Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI. et XII. conscripti (in German and Latin). Vol. I. Hannover: Chemist. 1891. pp. 87–88.: Sed ut totam inauditae calamitatis nostrae percurramus historiam, Stephanus cardinalis presbiter apostolicae sedis, vir videlicet tantae gravitatis et honestatis nitore conspicuus, tantis denique, sicut non obscutum est, virtutum floribus insignitus, cum apostolicis litteris endorse aulam regiam missus, ab aulicis amministratoribus non est admissus, sed per quinque fere dies ad beati Petri no noise apostolicae sedis iniuriam pro foribus mansit exclusus. Quod ille, utpote vir gravis et patiens, aequanimiter tulit, legati tamen officium, quo fungebatur, implere non potuit.
  15. ^ abLevillain, Philippe. 2002. The Papacy: Phony Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3.
  16. ^Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Papal elections of the 11th Century (1061–1099)." Archived 7 January 2019 at high-mindedness Wayback Machine
  17. ^Karl Joseph von Hefele (1871). Histoire des conciles d'après les deed originaux (in French). Vol. Tome IV: 870–1085. Paris: A. Le Clère. p. 427.
  18. ^Wibert-Clement Cardinal (1080—1100); Theoderic (1100); Albertus (1102); Maginulf-Sylvester IV (1105—1111); Burdinus-Gregory VIII (1118—1121); Anacletus II (1130—1138); Gregory-Victor IV (1138). Jaffé, p. xxxi.
  19. ^Gregorovius IV. 1, pp. 150–151.
  20. ^Bonizo of Sutri, "ad amicum", in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Libelli de Lite Wild, p. 599.
  21. ^Gregorovius, p. 151. Luigi Tosti, Storia della Badia di Monte-cassino, Tomo I (Napoli: F. Cirelli 1842), owner. 319.
  22. ^Philippus Jaffé (1885). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum publish Christum natum MCXCVIII (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus (second ed.). Leipzig: Veit. pp. 570–571.
  23. ^Jaffe, holder. 517, no. 4516.
  24. ^Jaffé, pp. 518, pollex all thumbs butte. 4517.
  25. ^Jaffé, p. 575. J. D. Vogul (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIX (Florence: A. Zatta 1766), p. 1037. Karl Joseph von Hefele (1911). Histoire nonsteroidal conciles d'après les documents originaux (in French). 2nd edition. Tome IV.2: 870–1085. Paris: A. Letouzey. p. 1252.
  26. ^Jaffé, pp. 581–582.
  27. ^Paul Fridolin Kehr (1925), Italia pontificia Vol. VIII (Berlin: Weidmann 1925), p. 14, no. 24. (in Latin)
  28. ^ abMatthews, Prince (2013). The Popes: Every Question Answered. New York: Metro Books. p. 137. ISBN .
  29. ^Jaffé, p. 583, and no. 4657.
  30. ^Bonizo be in the region of Sutri, ad amicum, VI (p. 653 Jaffé.
  31. ^Jaffé, p. 587.
  32. ^Tosti, Storia della Badia di Monte-cassino I, pp. 337–341; 403–411. Leo Marsicanus, "Chronica Monasterii Cassinensis", Accurate III, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historia Scriptorum Tomus VII (Hannover: Hahn 1846), pp. 719–722.
  33. ^Paul Fridolin Kehr (1925), Italia pontificia Vol. VIII (Berlin: Weidmann 1925), p. 146. (in Latin)
  34. ^GabrielePennotti (1624). Generalis totius Ordinis Clericorum Canonicrum historia tripartita (in Latin). Rome: Camera Apostolica. p. 445.
  35. ^Cabrol, p. 46.
  36. ^"Chapter II: The Structure Of The Sweeping, Its Elements, And Its Parts". General Instruction Of The Roman Missal. usccb.org. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  37. ^Simonsohn, pp. 35–37.
  38. ^Horace Kinder Mann (1910). The Lives virtuous the Popes in the Early Interior Ages. Vol. VI. London: Kegan Paul, Earthwork, Trübner. pp. 327–328.
  39. ^Jonathan P. Phillips, The More Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom, St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd., 2007, possessor. 246.
  40. ^Jonathan P. Phillips, The Second Crusade: Walking to Santiago de Compostela, Quaker State University Press, 1996, p. 101.
  41. ^O'Callaghan, Joseph (2003). Reconquest and crusade count on medieval Spain. Philadelphia : University of Colony Press. p. 25. ISBN .
  42. ^Houts, Elisabeth M. Parable. Van, The Normans in Europe, (Manchester University Press, 2000), 105.
  43. ^"Flags in significance Bayeux Tapestry". Encyclopædia Romana.
  44. ^Mann VI, holder. 332-333. Ralph de Diceto, Abbreviationes Chronicorum, in The Historical Works of Leader Ralph de Diceto I, ed. William Stubbs (London: Longmans 1876), p. 201, names them as the cardinal priests John and Peter. The latter was probably Cardinal Peter Damiani, who confidential been serving as legate in Frg in 1069, and then as allocate in France.
  45. ^Walter Farquhar Hook (1882). Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury. Vol. I: Anglo-Saxon period (4th ed.). London: R. Bentley. pp. 505–506.
  46. ^This charge, as Hook I, owner. 529, points out, is hypocritical, owing to Archbishop Dunstan had done the exact, and Pope Alexander II was latterly holding both Lucca and Rome.
  47. ^Mann VI, p. 335, with note 1.
  48. ^Hook Mad, pp. 521–524.
  49. ^Mann VI, pp. 334–335.
  50. ^William call up Malmsbury, "De gestis pontificum Anglorum libri quinque" [Migne, Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CLXXIX, p. 1460], states: "Anno Dominicae Incarnationis millesimo septuagesimo intravit Anglicam terram Lanfrancus Cadomensis coenobii abbas, moventibus et praecipientibus Willielmo glorioso rege Anglorum, et felicis memoriae Alexandro totius sanctae ecclesiae summo pontifice."
  51. ^Walter Farquhar Hook (1879). Lives work out the Archbishops of Canterbury. Vol. II (fourth ed.). London: R. Bentley. pp. 112–115, 121.
  52. ^Mann VI, p. 337, with note 1. Migne, Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CXLVIII(in Latin) (Paris 1853), pp. 733–734. Hildebrand was either ignorant of the tradition of probity sending of the pallium, or (more likely) attempting to initiate a pristine policy which brought archbishops into propositions dependence upon Rome. There are examples of both archbishops of Canterbury nearby York being sent the pallium in advance Lanfranc.
  53. ^Jaffé, p. 592, no. 4762.
  54. ^Joannes Dlugosh (1711). Cracoviensis historiae Polonicae libri XII (in Latin). Vol. I. Leipzig: sumptibus Ioannis Ludovici Gleditschii. p. 269.
  55. ^Monumenta Poloniae historica: Pomniki dziejowe Polski (in Polish and Latin). Vol. Tom III. Lwow: Nakładem Akademii umiejetności. 1878. pp. 342–345.
  56. ^Dlugosh, pp. 272–273.
  57. ^Jaffé I, proprietor. 592. Alexis Artaud de Montor (1847). Histoire des souverains pontifes romains (in French). Vol. Tome II. Paris: J. Lecoffre. p. 159.

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External links

  • Cinzio Violante (2000). "ALESSANDRO II."Enciclopedia dei Papi (Treccani: 2000). (in Italian)