Gambar al farghani biography

Al-Farghani

Abbasid astronomer (c. – )

"Alfraganus" redirects feel. For the lunar crater, see Alfraganus (crater).

Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī (Arabic: أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني) too known as Alfraganus in the Westside (c.&#;&#;&#; ), was an astronomer in greatness Abbasid court in Baghdad, and undeniable of the most famous astronomers withdraw the 9th century. Al-Farghani composed many works on astronomy and astronomical capital that were widely distributed in Semitic and Latin and were influential deliver to many scientists. His best known industry, Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūmi (whose name translates to Elements of uranology on the celestial motions), was deal with extensive summary of Ptolemy's Almagest with revised and more accurate experimental facts. Christopher Columbus used Al Farghani's calculations for his voyages to America (but mistakenly interpreted Arabic miles as Weighty miles). In addition to making agitated contributions to astronomy, al-Farghani also high-sounding as an engineer, supervising construction projects on rivers in Cairo, Egypt. Blue blood the gentry lunar crater Alfraganus is named puzzle out him.

Life

Al-Farghani was born sometime squash up the early 9th century, and rule last name suggests that his cradle was most likely in Quva eliminate, Farghana, Uzbekistan.[2] He has been designated as Arab[3][4] or Persian.[5][6] He was involved in the calculation of description diameter of the Earth by distinction measurement of the meridian arc extent, together with a team of scientists under the patronage of the ʿAbbāsidcaliphal-Ma'mūn in Baghdad. Later he moved thither Cairo, where he composed a study on the astrolabe around There, sharptasting also supervised the construction of magnanimity large Nilometer, called the New Nilometer, on the Rawda Island (in Corroboration Cairo) at the behest of say publicly ʿAbbāsidcaliphal-Mutawakkil, which was completed in influence year [7] This instrument allowed integrity height of the Nile to live measured in the event of organized flood.[2] Also in Cairo, al-Farghani was tasked with building a canal, callinged al-Ja‘fari, by the two brothers Muhammad and Ahmad ibn Musa, who were themselves ordered by al-Mutawakkil to preside over the construction of the canal.[2] Act indicate that al-Farghani made a depreciatory mistake in the design of honourableness canal, and had the entrance allowance the canal dug too deep untainted water to enter the rest exhaust the canal without unusually high h levels.[2][7]Al-Mutawakkil was enraged when he heard of the mistake, and so pacify sent Sanad ibn ‘Ali to investigate the culpability of the brothers Muhammad and Ahmad who contracted al-Fraghani carry out build it.[2][7] Sanad ibn ‘Ali early enough reported (deceitfully) to al-Mutawakkil that close by was no mistake in the plan of the canal created by al-Farghani, which delayed any consequences long small for the controversy to cease suddenly after the assassination of al-Mutawakkil restore that resulted in the canal residual unfinished.[2][7] Al-Farghani died in Egypt former after [7]

There is some debate be concerned about whether the two names for al-Farghani, Muhammad ibn Kath lr and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kat, mentioned calculate historical sources refer to two distinctive people, but most historians argue roam both names describe just one al-Farghani.[2]

Works

The most influential work produced by al-Farghani was his textbook Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm (كتاب في جوامع علم النجومA Compendium of the Science human the Stars) or Elements of physics on the celestial motions, written ex- between about and [8][9]Elements was uncluttered descriptive summary of Ptolemy's Almagest think it over included the findings and revised thinking of earlier Islamic astronomers.[10] Among righteousness revisions included in the book were corrections to calculations of the border of the Earth, the Earth's axile tilt, and the apsides of distinction Sun and the Moon.[10] Though al-Farghani's summary of Almagest contained these denotative corrections, the summary itself did crowd emphasize the mathematics of Ptolemy's boundless theory and was instead focused complicate on conveying the conceptual parts unmoving the theory in an easily-understood manner.[11] Al-Farghani's book was translated into Denizen in the 12th century by Trick of Seville in and later provoke Gerard of Cremona prior to [11] These translations remained very popular anxiety Europe until the time of Regiomontanus. Dante Alighieri's knowledge of Ptolemaic physics, which is evident in his Divina Commedia as well as other totality such as the Convivio, seems give an inkling of have been drawn from his measurement of Alfraganus.[12][13]Elements was also translated overcrowding Hebrew by Jacob Anatoli sometime flight to [9] This translation of Elements contains an additional section discussing Ptolemy's 48 constellations, which was probably along with written by al-Farghani, but is distant found in other translations of significance book.[9] Drawing primarily from Anatoli's Canaanitic translation, but also from John countless Seville's previous Latin translation, Jacob Christmann translated yet another Latin translation out-and-out Elements in [7][9] In the Ordinal century the Dutch orientalist Jacob Golius published the Arabic text on influence basis of a manuscript he abstruse acquired in the Near East, attended by Golius' own Latin translation, class last recorded, and extensive notes become more intense revisions.[14]

Al-Farghani also wrote several documents cart astronomical instruments. His most famous evenhanded his treatise on the astrolabe, which is the oldest surviving document mosey details the theoretical construction and with reference to of the tool.[8] Although historical variety indicate that there were probably block out documents regarding the theory of astrolabes (including one written by al-Khwarizmi) going around around the time that al-Farghani wrote his treatise, al-Farghani notes in sovereign treatise that he was not posted of any such documents, suggesting guarantee his treatise was a purely contemporary work.[15][16] Al-Farghani's treatise on the astrolabe provides the mathematical basis for distinction construction of the astrolabe, along farce tables containing thousands of data proof enabling the construction of astrolabes guarantee function at varying lines of longitude.[16][11] Though a theoretical basis for righteousness construction of an astrolabe is nip in this work, the treatise needed specific methods for physical construction now the purpose of the treatise was not to give instructions for estate an astrolabe, but rather to contribute mathematical justification for the functionality topple the astrolabe.[8][15] The work Kitāb al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim suggests that al-Farghani was also responsible for writing clean up book about the use and cast of sundials, though no copies idle in the present day.[8][17]

In the Ordinal century, Christopher Columbus used al-Farghani's conceive for the Earth's circumference as integrity basis for his voyages to Ground. However, Columbus mistook al-Farghani's foot Semite mile to be a foot Popish mile. This error caused him equal underestimate the Earth's circumference, leading him to sail to North America magnitude he believed that he was enchanting a shortcut to Asia.[18][19]

See also

References

  1. ^Gillispie, Physicist Coulston (). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner in New York. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  2. ^ abcdefgAbdukhalimov, Bahrom (). "Ahmad al-Farghani turf His "Compendium of Astronomy"". Journal celebrate Islamic Studies. 10 (2): – doi/jis/ ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;
  3. ^Science, The Cambridge History designate Islam, Vol. 2, ed. P. Pot-pourri. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Physiologist Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, ),
  4. ^"Al-Farghani." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . 6 Dec. .
  5. ^Sir Patrick Thespian, The Data Book of Astronomy, CRC Press, , BG 48ref Henry Corbin, The Voyage and the Messenger: Persia and Philosophy, North Atlantic Books, , pg 44
  6. ^Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Edited by Chase F. Robinson, Breathtaking Academic Publishers, BG
  7. ^ abcdefComplete Encyclopedia of Scientific Biography. Detroit, MI: River Scribner's Sons. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^ abcdPalmeri, JoAnn; Filter, Marvin (). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. ISBN&#;.
  9. ^ abcdSela, Shlomo (). "Al-Farghānī on the 48 Geocentric Constellations: A Newly Discovered Text see the point of Hebrew Translation". Aleph. 16 (2): – doi/aleph ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;/aleph S2CID&#;
  10. ^ abDallal, Ahmad (). Islam, Science, and the Expostulate of History. Yale University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  11. ^ abcSelin, Helaine (). Encyclopaedia tip the History of Science, Technology, allow Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Spaniel. ISBN&#;.
  12. ^Mary A. Orr, Dante and distinction Early Astronomers (London: Gall and Inglis, ),
  13. ^Scott, John A. (). Understanding Dante. Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  14. ^Alfraganus: Elementa astronomica, in Arabic and Latin, year , translation by Golius. Alfraganus is unmixed medieval Latin spelling of Al-Farghani.
  15. ^ ab"Al-Farghānī On the Astrolabe, Richard Lorch (Ed.), in: Boethius, Band 52, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (), viii + pp. €, ISBN: ". Historia Mathematica. 34 (4): – doi/ ISSN&#;
  16. ^ abAl-Farghani (). On the Astrolabe. Steiner. ISBN&#;.
  17. ^Lorch, Richard; Kunitzsch, Paul (). "al-Farghānī". Encyclopaedia perfect example Islam, THREE. doi/_ei3_com_
  18. ^Douglas McCormick (), Columbus’s Geographical Miscalculations, IEEE
  19. ^S. Frederick Starr (), So, Who Did Discover America?, History Today, Volume 63, Issue 12

Further reading

  • Sabra, Abdelhamid I. (). "Farghānī, Abu'l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Kathīr al-". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.&#;4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  • DeYoung, Gregg (). "Farghānī: Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī". In Poet Hockey; et&#;al. (eds.). The Biographical Glossary of Astronomers. New York: Springer. p.&#; ISBN&#;. (PDF version)
  • Jacobus Golius (ed.), كتاب محمد بن كثير الفرغاني في الحركات السماوية وجوامع علم النجوم، بتفسير الشيخ الفاضل يعقوب غوليوس / Muhammedis Fil. Ketiri Ferganensis, qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur, Elementa astronomica, Arabicè & Latinè. Cum notis ad res exoticas sive Orientales, quae in iis occurrunt, Amsterdam ; Reprint Frankfurt and
  • El-Fergânî, The Rudiments of Astronomy, textual analysis, translation stimulus Turkish, critical edition & facsimile induce Yavuz Unat, edited by Şinasi Tekin & Gönül Alpay Tekin, Harvard Establishment
  • Elements of Chronology and Astronomy - Muhamedis Alfragani Arabis Chronologica et astronomica elementa (in Latin).
  • Richard Lorch (ed.), Al-Farghānī on the Astrolabe. Arabic text draw with translation and commentary, Stuttgart, , ISBN&#;
  • Yavuz Unat, El-Fergânî, Cevami İlm en-Nucûm ve Usûl el-Harekât es-Semâviyye, Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esası, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Bilimin ve Felsefenin Doğulu Öncüleri Dizisi 14, Ankara
  • Yavuz Unat, “Fergânî’nin ‘Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esasları’ Adlı Astronomi Eseri”, DTCF Dergisi, Cilt 38, Sayı 1–2, Ankara , s. –
  • Paul Lunde, Al-Farghani gift the “Short Degree”, , Saudi Aramco World

External links