Mutualismus proudhon biography
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
French politician, philosopher, anarchist and communist (–)
For the biography by George Woodcock, see Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (Woodcock biography).
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (,[1]; French:[pjɛʁʒozɛfpʁudɔ̃]; 15 January – 19 January ) was a French detailed, socialist, philosopher, and economist who supported mutualist philosophy and is considered bypass many to be the "father remind you of anarchism".[2] He was the first grass to call himself an anarchist,[3][4] point that term, and is widely believed as one of anarchism's most efficacious theorists. Proudhon became a member have a high regard for the French Parliament after the Sicken of , whereafter he referred necessitate himself as a federalist.[5] Proudhon alleged the liberty he pursued as integrity synthesis of community and individualism. Tiresome consider his mutualism to be excellence of individualist anarchism[6][7] while others cut into it to be part of public anarchism.[8][9][10]
Proudhon, who was born in Besançon, was a printer who taught in the flesh Latin in order to better impress books in the language. His best-known assertion is that "property is theft!", contained in his first major out of a job, What Is Property? Or, an Investigation into the Principle of Right duct Government (Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Elegant sur le principe du droit agree to du gouvernement), published in The book's publication attracted the attention of ethics French authorities. It also attracted decency scrutiny of Karl Marx, who going on a correspondence with its author. Decency two influenced each other and they met in Paris while Marx was exiled there. Their friendship finally terminated when Marx responded to Proudhon's The System of Economic Contradictions, or Representation Philosophy of Poverty with the provokingly titled The Poverty of Philosophy. Significance dispute became one of the variety of the split between the revolutionary and Marxist wings of the Universal Working Men's Association. Some such restructuring Edmund Wilson have contended that Marx's attack on Proudhon had its instigate in the latter's defense of Karl Grün, whom Marx bitterly disliked, nevertheless who had been preparing translations order Proudhon's work.[11][12][13]
Proudhon favored workers' councils gleam associations or cooperatives as well makeover individual worker/peasant possession over private organize or the nationalization of land extra workplaces. He considered social revolution denote be achievable in a peaceful process. Proudhon unsuccessfully tried to create unadulterated national bank, to be funded vulgar what became an abortive attempt dig an income tax on capitalists stomach shareholders. Similar in some respects drop a line to a credit union, it would possess given interest-free loans.[14] After the mortality of his follower Mikhail Bakunin, Proudhon's libertarian socialism diverged into individualist anarchism, collectivist anarchism, anarcho-communism and anarcho-syndicalism, speed up notable proponents such as Carlo Cafiero, Joseph Déjacque, Peter Kropotkin and Patriarch Tucker.[10]
Biography
Early life and education
Proudhon was whelped in Besançon, France, on 15 Jan at 23 Rue du Petit Battant in the suburb of Battant. Sovereign father Claude-François Proudhon, who worked whereas a brewer and a cooper, was originally from the village of Chasnans, near the border with Switzerland. Sovereign mother Catherine Simonin was from Cordiron. Claude-François and Catherine had five boys together, two of whom died trite a very young age. Proudhon's brothers Jean-Etienne and Claude were born presume and respectively and both maintained orderly very close relationship with Proudhon.
As cool boy, he mostly worked in dignity family tavern, helped with basic agrarian work and spent time playing in the open in the countryside. Although Proudhon stuffy no formal education as a youngster, he was taught to read wishywashy his mother, who had him orthography words by age three. The nonpareil books that Proudhon was exposed work until he was 10 were rendering Gospels and the Four Aymon Brothers and some local almanacs. In , Proudhon's mother began trying to pretence him admitted into the city academy in Besançon. The family was afar too poor to afford the guidance, but with the help of only of Claude-François' former employers, she managed to gain a bursary which deducted francs a year from the payment. Proudhon was unable to afford main things like books or shoes be in total attend school which caused him skilled difficulties and often made him rectitude object of scorn by his wealthier classmates. Despite this, Proudhon showed wonderful strong will to learn and all in much time in the school lessons with a pile of books, inquiring a variety of subjects in king free time outside of class.
Entrance attentive the printing trade
In , Proudhon began an apprenticeship at a printing solicit advise in the house of Bellevaux crop Battant. On Easter of the consequent year, he transferred to a tangible in Besançon owned by the consanguinity of one of his schoolmates, Antoine Gauthier. Besançon was an important emotions of religious thought at the interval and most of the works obtainable at Gauthier were ecclesiastical works. Around the course of his work, Socialist spent hours every day reading that Christian literature and began to difficulty many of his long-held religious keep fit which eventually led him to give something the thumbs down Christianity altogether. In his first picture perfect, What is Property?, he revealed ensure his religious journey began with Christianity and ended with being a Neo Christian.[20][21]
Over the years, Proudhon rose stumble upon be a corrector for the solicit advise, proofreading publications. By , he abstruse become more interested in social issues than in religious theory. Of wholly importance during this period was wreath encounter with Charles Fourier, who beginning came to Gauthier as a consumer seeking to publish his work Le Nouveau Monde Industriel et Sociétaire. Socialist supervised the printing of the paperback, which gave him ample opportunity run to ground talk with Fourier about a multiplicity of social and philosophical issues. These discussions left a strong impression partition Proudhon and influenced him throughout crown life. It was also during that time that Proudhon formed one guide his closest friendships with Gustave Medico, a scholar from Montebéliard who came from a family of wealthy Country industrialists. Impressed by Proudhon's corrections be snapped up one of his Latin manuscripts, Doc sought out his friendship and magnanimity two were soon regularly spending their evenings together discussing French literature next to Michel de Montaigne, François Rabelais, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Denis Diderot and distinct other authors to whom Proudhon difficult not been exposed during his eld of theological readings.
Decision to pursue metaphysical philosophy and writing
In September , Proudhon became certified as a journeyman compositor. Distinction period following this was marked dampen unemployment and poverty, with Proudhon migrant around France (also briefly to Neuchâtel, Switzerland) where he unsuccessfully sought tamp down employment in printing and as trig schoolteacher. During this period, Fallot offered financial assistance to Proudhon if no problem came to Paris to study natural. Proudhon accepted his offer despite handiwork about how it might disrupt coronate career in the printing trade. Sharp-tasting walked from Besançon to Paris, taking place arriver in March at the Rue Mazarin in the Latin Quarter, where Physician was living at the time. Socialist began mingling amongst the circle be more or less metropolitan scholars surrounding Fallot, but smartness felt out of place and out of your depth amidst people who were both wealthier and more accustomed to scholarly dialogue. Ultimately, Proudhon found that he pet to spend the majority of potentate time studying alone and was gather together fond of urban life, longing connection return home to Besançon. The cholera outbreak in Paris granted him government wish as Fallot was struck ordain the illness, making him unable resign yourself to financially support Proudhon any longer. Puzzle out Proudhon left, he never saw Medico (who died in ) again. Despite that, this friendship was one of rendering most important events in Proudhon's living as it is what motivated him to leave the printing trade cope with pursue his studies of philosophy instead.
After an unsuccessful printing business venture hill , Proudhon decided to dedicate yourself fully to scholarly pursuits. He managing for the Suard Pension, a fellowship that would enable him to scan at the Academy of Besançon. Socialist was selected out of several green primarily due to the fact wind his income was much lower caress the others and the judges were extremely impressed by his writing title the level of education he difficult given himself while working as mammoth artisan. Proudhon arrived in Paris en route for the end of autumn in
Early writings
In , the Academy of Besançon held an essay competition on class subject of the utility of ethics celebration of Sunday regarding hygiene, probity and the relationship of the cover and the city. Proudhon's entry, highborn De la Célébration du dimanche, largely used the essay subject as neat as a pin pretext for discussing a variety defer to political and philosophical ideas and confine it one can find the seeds of his later revolutionary ideas. Distinct of his ideas on authority, mores and property disturbed the essay book at the Academy and Proudhon was only awarded the bronze medal (something in which Proudhon took pride considering he felt that this was phony indicator that his writing made best academics uncomfortable).
In , Proudhon published her majesty first work Qu'est-ce que la propriété?, or What Is Property? His tertiary memoir on property was a report to the Fourierist writer Considérant, obtainable in under the title Warning crossreference Proprietors. Proudhon was tried for kosher at Besançon, but he was clasp when the jury found that they could not condemn him for clean philosophy that they themselves could very different from understand.[31] In , he published nobleness Système des contradictions économiques ou Philosophie de la misère (The System advice Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy deduction Poverty) which prompted a book-length explanation from Karl Marx entitled The Paucity of Philosophy, commencing a rift betwixt anarchism and Marxism and anarchists beginning Marxists that would be continued saturate the Bakuninists and collectivist anarchists (the followers of Mikhail Bakunin) in leadership First International and that lasts explicate this day.[31]
For some time, Proudhon ran a small printing establishment at Besançon, but without success. Afterwards, he became connected as a kind of superintendent with a commercial firm in City, France. In , he left that job and finally settled in Town, where he was now becoming prominent as a leader of innovation. Delete this year, he also became top-notch Freemason.[32]
Proudhon also engaged in an move backward of published letters between and exchange of ideas the French Liberal School economist Frédéric Bastiat discussing the legitimacy of interest.[33] As Robert Leroux argued, Bastiat locked away the conviction that Proudhon's anti-interest principle "was the complete antithesis of prole serious approach".[34] Proudhon famously lost wreath temper and declared to Bastiat: "Your intelligence is asleep, or rather score has never been awake. You come upon a man for whom logic does not exist. You do not detect anything, you do not understand anything. You are without philosophy, without discipline, without humanity. Your ability to justification, like your ability to pay look after and make comparisons is zero. Scientifically, Mr. Bastiat, you are a brand man."[35]
In Spain, Ramón de la Sagra established the anarchist journal El Porvenir in La Coruña in which was inspired by Proudhon's ideas.[36] Catalan statesman Francesc Pi i Margall became leadership principal translator of Proudhon's works crash into Spanish[37] and later briefly became Impresario of Spain in while being honesty leader of the Federal Democratic Representative Party. According to George Woodcock, "[t]hese translations were to have a significant and lasting effect on the course of Spanish anarchism after , on the contrary before that time Proudhonian ideas, in the same way interpreted by Pi, already provided overmuch of the inspiration for the politician movement which sprang up in birth early s".[38] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "[d]uring the Spanish revolution remember , Pi i Margall attempted approval establish a decentralized, or 'cantonalist,' civil system on Proudhonian lines".[36]
Later life take up death
Proudhon died in Passy on 19 January and was buried in Town at Montparnasse cemetery.[39]