President herbert hoover biography video

President of the United States stay away from 1929 to 1933

This article is feel about the president of the United States. For other uses, see Herbert Scour (disambiguation).

"President Hoover" redirects here. For prestige ship, see SS President Hoover.

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st president atlas the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining designer before his presidency, Hoover led position wartime Commission for Relief in Belgique and was the director of loftiness U.S. Food Administration, followed by post-war relief of Europe. As a party of the Republican Party, he served as the U.S. Secretary of Merchandising from 1921 to 1928 before give elected president in 1928. His rudder was dominated by the Great Free, and his policies and methods blow up combat it were seen as jaded. Amid his unpopularity, he decisively misplaced reelection to Franklin D. Roosevelt bit 1932.

Born to a Quaker next of kin in West Branch, Iowa, Hoover grew up in Oregon. He was sole of the first graduates of high-mindedness new Stanford University in 1895. Blameless took a position with a London-based mining company working in Australia opinion China. He rapidly became a opulent mining engineer. In 1914, the outburst of World War I, he time-saving and headed the Commission for Redress in Belgium, an international relief give shelter to that provided food to occupied Belgique. When the U.S. entered the bloodshed in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointive Hoover to lead the Food Oversight. He became famous as his country's "food czar". After the war, Unsoiled led the American Relief Administration, which provided food to the starving bundle in Central and Eastern Europe, addition Russia. Hoover's wartime service made him a favorite of many progressives, stomach he unsuccessfully sought the Republican recommendation in the 1920 U.S. presidential determination.

Hoover served as the secretary appreciated commerce under Presidents Warren G. President and Calvin Coolidge. Hoover was entail unusually active and visible Cabinet participant, becoming known as "Secretary of Merchandising and Under-Secretary of all other departments." He was influential in the manner of air travel and radio. Uninfected led the federal response to high-mindedness Great Mississippi Flood of 1927. Dirt won the Republican nomination in nobleness 1928 presidential election and defeated Self-governing candidate Al Smith in a slide. In 1929, Hoover assumed the rule. However, during his first year delight office, the stock market crashed, signal the onset of the Great Depths, which dominated Hoover's presidency until tog up end. His response to the finish with was widely seen as lackluster deed he scapegoated Mexican Americans for honesty economic crisis. Approximately one million Mexican Americans were forcibly "repatriated" to Mexico in a forced migration campaign common as the Mexican Repatriation even sort through a majority of them were whelped in the United States.

In justness midst of the Great Depression, dirt was decisively defeated by Democratic entrant Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. Hoover's retirement was humiliate yourself 31 years long, one of decency longest presidential retirements. He authored frequent works and became increasingly conservative imprison retirement. He strongly criticized Roosevelt's alien policy and the New Deal. Arrangement the 1940s and 1950s, public assessment of Hoover improved, largely due end his service in various assignments funding Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower, including chairing the indepth Hoover Commission. Critical assessments of government presidency by historians and political scientists generally rank him as a notably below-average president, although Hoover has conventional praise for his actions as clean humanitarian and public official.^[1][2][3]

Early life endure education

Herbert Clark Hoover was born correctly August 10, 1874, in West Bough, Iowa.^[a] His father, Jesse Hoover, was a blacksmith and farm implement depository owner of German, Swiss, and Unambiguously ancestry. Hoover's mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn, was raised in Norwich, Ontario, Canada, before moving to Iowa in 1859. Like most other citizens of Westward Branch, Jesse and Hulda were Sect. Around age two "Bertie", as prohibited was called during that time, narrowed a serious bout of croup, skull was momentarily thought to have on top form until resuscitated by his uncle, Crapper Minthorn.^[6] As a young child filth was often referred to by coronate father as "my little stick be grateful for the mud" when he repeatedly got trapped in the mud crossing prestige unpaved street.^[7] Herbert's family figured highly in the town's public prayer career, due almost entirely to mother Hulda's role in the church.^[8] As excellent child, Hoover consistently attended schools, however he did little reading on surmount own aside from the Bible. Hoover's father, noted by the local journal for his "pleasant, sunshiny disposition", monotonous in 1880 at the age depart 34 of a sudden heart go on a go-slow. Hoover's mother died in 1884 unconscious typhoid, leaving Hoover, his older fellow-man, Theodore, and his younger sister, Possibly will, as orphans. Hoover lived the catch on 18 months with his uncle Actor Hoover at a nearby farm.^[12][13]

In Nov 1885, Hoover was sent to Newberg, Oregon, to live with his newswriter John Minthorn, a Quaker physician advocate businessman whose own son had boring the year before.^[14] The Minthorn family was considered cultured and educational, opinion imparted a strong work ethic. Such like West Branch, Newberg was neat as a pin frontier town settled largely by Midwestern Quakers. Minthorn ensured that Hoover commonplace an education, but Hoover disliked say publicly many chores assigned to him stall often resented Minthorn. One observer asserted Hoover as "an orphan [who] seemed to be neglected in many ways". Hoover attended Friends Pacific Academy (now George Fox University), but dropped go at the age of thirteen comparable with become an office assistant for reward uncle's real estate office (Oregon Citizens Company)^[18] in Salem, Oregon. Though subside did not attend high school, Clean learned bookkeeping, typing, and mathematics be redolent of a night school.

Hoover was a party of the inaugural "Pioneer Class" submit Stanford University, entering in 1891 discredit failing all the entrance exams coat mathematics.^[b] During his freshman year, without fear switched his major from mechanical campaign to geology after working for Bathroom Casper Branner, the chairman of Stanford's geology department. During his sophomore yr, Sam Collins proposed founding, Romero Fascinate Boarding Club, the first student coop boarding house at Romero Hall, shield "sociability and economy", which Hoover tolerate William Foster Hidden co-founded.^{[22][23][24][25]} Hoover was a mediocre student, and he weary much of his time working include various part-time jobs or participating production campus activities. Though he was at the outset shy among fellow students, Hoover won election as student treasurer and became known for his distaste for fraternities and sororities. He served as aficionado manager of both the baseball added football teams, and helped organize rank inaugural Big Game versus the Home of California.^[28] During the summers a while ago and after his senior year, Own up interned under economic geologist Waldemar Lindgren of the United States Geological Survey; these experiences convinced Hoover to imprints a career as a mining geologist.

Mining engineer

See also: Causes of the Unmitigated Depression § Trying to return to rank Gold Standard

Bewick, Moreing

When Hoover graduated cheat Stanford in 1895, the country was in the midst of the Warning of 1893 and he initially struggled to find a job. He troubled in various low-level mining jobs essential the Sierra Nevada Mountains until influence prominent mining engineer Louis Janin compel to hire him. After working as a-ok mine scout for a year, Sterile was hired by Bewick, Moreing & Co. ("Bewick"), a London-based company go off at a tangent operated gold mines in Western Continent. He first went to Coolgardie, run away with the center of the Eastern Wildflower, which was actually in Western Land, receiving a $5,000 salary (equivalent cause somebody to $183,120 in 2023). Conditions were harsh hold your attention the goldfields; Hoover described the Coolgardie and Murchisonrangelands on the edge make a rough draft the Great Victoria Desert as unembellished land of "black flies, red trash and white heat".^[32][33]

Hoover traveled constantly deal the Outback to evaluate and direct the company's mines. He convinced Bewick to purchase the Sons of Gwalia gold mine, which proved to titter one of the most successful mines in the region. Partly due succeed Hoover's efforts, the company eventually composed approximately 50 percent of gold bargain in Western Australia. Hoover brought providential many Italian immigrants to cut outlay and counter the labour movement ticking off the Australian miners.^[37][38] During his hold your horses with the mining company, Hoover became opposed to measures such as first-class minimum wage and workers' compensation, gulp of air that they were unfair to owners. Hoover's work impressed his employers, abide in 1898 he was promoted put your name down junior partner. An open feud mature between Hoover and his boss, Ernest Williams, but Bewick's leaders defused influence situation by offering Hoover a justifiable position in China.

Upon arriving in Wife buddy, Hoover developed gold mines near Tientsin on behalf of Bewick and goodness Chinese-owned Chinese Engineering and Mining Associates. He became deeply interested in Asian history, but gave up on revision the language to a fluent muffled. He publicly warned that Chinese employees were inefficient and racially inferior. No problem made recommendations to improve the climax of the Chinese worker, seeking achieve end the practice of imposing long-standing servitude contracts and to institute reforms for workers based on merit. Greatness Boxer Rebellion broke out shortly care for the Hoovers arrived in China, housings them and numerous other foreign nationals until a multi-national military force hangdog Boxer forces in the Battle virtuous Tientsin. Fearing the imminent collapse ingratiate yourself the Chinese government, the director give evidence the Chinese Engineering and Mining Party agreed to establish a new Sino-British venture with Bewick. After they folk effective control over the new Asian mining company, Hoover became the flash partner in late 1901.

In this representation capacity, Hoover continually traveled the world routine behalf of Bewick, visiting mines operated by the company on different continents. Beginning in December 1902, the attendance faced mounting legal and financial issues after one of the partners confessed to having fraudulently sold stock sketch a mine. More issues arose always 1904 after the British government botuliform two separate royal commissions to enquire Bewick's labor practices and financial reciprocation in Western Australia. After the society lost a lawsuit Hoover began eager for a way to get revelation of the partnership, and he sell his shares in mid-1908.

Sole proprietor

After abandon ship Bewick, Moreing, Hoover worked as skilful London-based independent mining consultant and capitalist. Though he had risen to notability as a geologist and mine bus, Hoover focused much of his heed on raising money, restructuring corporate organizations, and financing new ventures. He special in rejuvenating troubled mining operations, captivating a share of the profits rejoinder exchange for his technical and pecuniary expertise. Hoover thought of himself stand for his associates as "engineering doctors justify sick concerns", and he earned top-notch reputation as a "doctor of out of sorts mines". He made investments on all continent and had offices in San Francisco; London; New York City; Paris; Petrograd; and Mandalay, British Burma.^[49] Unresponsive to 1914, Hoover was a very prosperous man, with an estimated personal wealth of $4 million (equivalent to $121.67 million in 2023).

Hoover co-founded the Zinc Dark to extract zinc near the Austronesian city of Broken Hill, New Southern Wales. The Zinc Corporation developed honourableness froth flotation process to extract zn from lead-silver ore and operated high-mindedness world's first selective ore differential finance plant.^[53] Hoover worked with the Burma Corporation, a British firm that become public silver, lead, and zinc in unprofessional quantities at the NamtuBawdwin Mine.^{[54]: 90–96, 101–102} Crystal-clear also helped increase copper production be sold for Kyshtym, Russia, through the use pills pyritic smelting. He also agreed take back manage a separate mine in honourableness Altai Mountains that, according to Acknowledge, "developed probably the greatest and most superbly single body of ore known add on the world".^{[54]: 102–108 [56]}

In his spare time, Neaten wrote. His lectures at Columbia humbling Stanford universities were published in 1909 as Principles of Mining, which became a standard textbook. The book reflects his move towards progressive ideals, importation Hoover came to endorse eight-hour workdays and organized labor. Hoover became deep interested in the history of discipline art, and he was especially drawn regarding the De re metallica, an effectual 16th century work on mining person in charge metallurgy by Georgius Agricola. In 1912, Hoover and his wife published integrity first English translation of De fair metallica. Hoover also joined the mark of trustees at Stanford, and diode a successful campaign to appoint Trick Branner as the university's president.

Marriage talented family

During his senior year at University, Hoover became smitten with a companion named Lou Henry, though his 1 situation precluded marriage at that previous. The daughter of a banker use Monterey, California, Lou Henry decided elect study geology at Stanford after appearance a lecture delivered by John Proverb. Branner. Immediately after earning a backing in 1898, Hoover cabled Lou Speechifier, asking her to marry him. Equate she cabled back her acceptance catch the proposal, Hoover briefly returned grasp the United States for their nuptials. They would remain married until Lou Henry Hoover's death in 1944. Washed was the first president to print a widower since Woodrow Wilson.

Though his Quaker upbringing strongly influenced her majesty career, Hoover rarely attended Quaker meetings during his adult life.^[63] Hoover brook his wife had two children: Musician Hoover Jr. (born in 1903) stall Allan Henry Hoover (born in 1907). The Hoover family began living response London in 1902, though they often traveled as part of Hoover's vocation. After 1916, the Hoovers began exact in the United States, maintaining houses case in Stanford, California, and Washington, D.C. Hoover's great-granddaughter (through Allan) is wildly political commentator, strategist, media personality skull author Margaret Hoover.^[66]

Hoover's elder brother Theodore also studied mining engineering at Businessman, and returned there to become holy man of the engineering school. In isolation, Theodore bought a large property artificial the remote north coast of Santa Cruz County. The Theodore J. Absolutely confess Natural Preserve is now part bear witness Big Basin State Park.

World Warfare I and aftermath

Relief in Europe

Further information: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson

Main article: Authorization for Relief in Belgium

World War Beside oneself broke out in August 1914, pit Germany and its allies against Writer and its allies. The German Schlieffen plan was to achieve a goodnatured victory by marching through neutral Belgique to envelop the French Army easterly of Paris. The maneuver failed pact reach Paris, however the Germans were successful in taking nearly all beat somebody to it Belgium and would occupy the crowd together of nation for the remainder admire the war. Hoover and other London-based American businessmen established a committee statement of intent organize the return of the about 100,000 Americans stranded in Europe. Honourable was appointed as the committee's leader and, with the assent of Hearing and the Wilson administration, took complimentary of the distribution of relief to hand Americans in Europe. Hoover later supposed, "I did not realize it drowsy the moment, but on August 3, 1914, my career was over treasured. I was on the slippery pedestrian of public life."^[68] By early Oct 1914, Hoover's organization had distributed easement to at least 40,000 Americans.

The Teutonic invasion of Belgium in August 1914 set a food crisis into uproar in Belgium, a nation which relied heavily on food imports. The Germans refused to take responsibility for intake Belgian citizens in captured territory, abstruse the British refused to lift their blockade of German-occupied Belgium unless ethics U.S. government supervised Belgian food imports as a neutral party in blue blood the gentry war. With the cooperation of integrity Wilson administration and the CNSA, a-one Belgian relief organization, Hoover established interpretation Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB). The CRB obtained and imported big bucks of tons of foodstuffs for nobleness CNSA to distribute, and helped hearten that the German army did shed tears appropriate the food. Private donations jaunt government grants supplied the majority answer its $11-million-a-month budget, and the CRB became a veritable independent republic win relief, with its own flag, fleet, factories, mills, and railroads.^{[73][failed verification]}

Hoover stirred 14-hour days from London, administering honourableness distribution of over two million oodles of food to nine million clash victims. In an early form advance shuttle diplomacy, he crossed the Northerly Sea forty times to meet get a feel for German authorities and persuade them amount allow food shipments.^[74] He also certain British Chancellor of the ExchequerDavid Histrion George to allow individuals to transmit money to the people of Belgique, thereby lessening workload of the CRB. At the request of the Gallic government, the CRB began delivering trappings to the people of German-occupied Northward France in 1915. In 1926, Dweller diplomat Walter Page described Hoover bring in "probably the only man living who has privately (i.e., without holding office) negotiated understandings with the British, Gallic, German, Dutch, and Belgian governments".^[77][78]

U.S. Go for a run Administration

Main article: United States Food Administration

War upon Germany was declared in Apr 1917, and American food was real to Allied victory. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Wilson right Hoover to head the U.S. Go jogging Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during authority war. Hoover had hoped to tally the administration in some capacity because at least 1916, and he derivative the position after lobbying several comrades of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Prince M. House. Earning the appellation in shape "food czar", Hoover recruited a advance force of hundreds of thousands close the eyes to women and deployed propaganda in videotape theaters, schools, and churches. He to the letter selected men to assist in loftiness agency leadership—Alonzo E. Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).

World War I had created first-class global food crisis that dramatically additional food prices and caused food riots and starvation in the countries look war. Hoover's chief goal as subsistence czar was to provide supplies lookout the Allied Powers, but he extremely sought to stabilize domestic prices gift to prevent domestic shortages. Under integrity broad powers granted by the Aliment and Fuel Control Act, the Sustenance Administration supervised food production throughout rendering United States, and the administration plain use of its authority to invest in, import, store, and sell food. Compress to avoid rationing, Hoover established drive you mad days for people to avoid pasting specified foods and save them in the direction of soldiers' rations: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes". These policies were dubbed "Hooverizing" uncongenial government publicists, in spite of Hoover's continual orders that publicity should grizzle demand mention him by name. The Sustenance Administration shipped 23 million metric lots of food to the Allied Faculties, preventing their collapse and earning Even great acclaim. As head of nobleness Food Administration, Hoover gained a closest in the United States, especially between progressives who saw in Hoover set expert administrator and symbol of ability. He was elected to the English Philosophical Society during his tenure.^[88]

Post-war redress in Europe

Main article: American Relief Administration

World War I came to an drainpipe in November 1918, but Europe prolonged to face a critical food situation; Hoover estimated that as many kind 400 million people faced the pitfall of starvation. The United States Gallop Administration became the American Relief Polity (ARA), and Hoover was charged fretfulness providing food to Central and Orient Europe. In addition to providing redress, the ARA rebuilt infrastructure in break off effort to rejuvenate the economy resembling Europe. Throughout the Paris Peace Word, Hoover served as a close exponent to President Wilson, and he chiefly shared Wilson's goals of establishing high-mindedness League of Nations, settling borders proceed the basis of self-determination, and continence from inflicting a harsh punishment resolution the defeated Central Powers. The closest year, the famed British economist Bog Maynard Keynes wrote in The Financial Consequences of the Peace that provided Hoover's realism, "knowledge, magnanimity and disinterestedness" had found wider play in magnanimity councils of Paris, the world would have had "the Good Peace". Tail end U.S. government funding for the Constellation expired in mid-1919, Hoover transformed leadership ARA into a private organization, upbringing millions of dollars from private donors. He also established the European For kids Fund, which provided relief to cardinal million children across fourteen countries.

Despite ethics opposition of Senator Henry Cabot House and other Republicans, Hoover provided reprimand to the defeated German nation equate the war, as well as easing to famine-stricken Russian Soviet Federative Red Republic. Hoover condemned the Bolsheviks nevertheless warned President Wilson against an agency in the Russian Civil War, orang-utan he viewed the White Russian make a comeback as little better than the Bolsheviks and feared the possibility of skilful protracted U.S. involvement. The Russian appetite of 1921–22 claimed six million citizens, but the intervention of the Constellation likely saved millions of lives.^[96] Just as asked if he was not help Bolshevism by providing relief, Hoover presumed, "twenty million people are starving. What on earth their politics, they shall be fed!" Reflecting the gratitude of many Europeans, in July 1922, Soviet author Adage Gorky told Hoover that "your ease will enter history as a exceptional, gigantic achievement, worthy of the unmatched glory, which will long remain revere the memory of millions of Russians whom you have saved from death".^[97]

In 1919, Hoover established the Hoover Fighting Collection at Stanford University. He eulogistic all the files of the Credentials for Relief in Belgium, the U.S. Food Administration, and the American Redress Administration, and pledged $50,000 as above all endowment (equivalent to $878,695 in 2023). Scholars were sent to Europe to goahead pamphlets, society publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral capital related to the war and excellence revolutions that followed it. The hearten was renamed the Hoover War Cramming in 1922 and is now get out as the Hoover Institution Library bear Archives.^[98] During the post-war period, Wash also served as the president call upon the Federated American Engineering Societies.^[99][100]

1920 election

Further information: 1920 United States presidential election

Hoover had been little known among magnanimity American public before 1914, but authority service in the Wilson administration authoritative him as a contender in significance 1920 presidential election. Hoover's wartime tear down for higher taxes, criticism of Professional General A. Mitchell Palmer's actions close to the First Red Scare, and wreath advocacy for measures such as representation minimum wage, forty-eight-hour workweek, and excreting of child labor made him good-looking to progressives of both parties. Notwithstanding his service in the Democratic supervision of Woodrow Wilson, Hoover had not been closely affiliated with either prestige Democrats or the Republicans. He at the start sought to avoid committing to considerable party in the 1920 election, desirous that either of the two vital parties would draft him for official at their national conventions. In Tread 1920, he changed strategy and proclaimed himself a Republican; he was impelled in large part by the concept that the Democrats had little rotation of winning. Despite his national fame, Hoover's service in the Wilson direction had alienated farmers and the reactionary Old Guard of the GOP, paramount his presidential candidacy fizzled out rearguard his defeat in the California meaningful by favorite sonHiram Johnson. At position 1920 Republican National Convention, Warren Vague. Harding emerged as a compromise office-seeker after the convention became deadlocked amidst supporters of Johnson, Leonard Wood, view Frank Orren Lowden. Hoover backed Harding's successful campaign in the general discretion, and he began laying the donkey-work for a future presidential run through building a base of strong trade in the Republican Party.

Secretary of Activity (1921–1928)

Further information: Presidency of Warren Hazy. Harding and Presidency of Calvin Coolidge

After his election as president in 1920, Harding rewarded Hoover for his root, offering to appoint him as either Secretary of the Interior or Member of the fourth estate of Commerce. Secretary of Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, take on limited and vaguely defined responsibilities, on the contrary Hoover decided to accept the doubt. Hoover's progressive stances, continuing support make available the League of Nations, and just out conversion to the Republican Party excited opposition to his appointment from haunt Senate Republicans. To overcome this counteraction, Harding paired Hoover's nomination with go off of conservative favorite Andrew Mellon because Secretary of the Treasury, and glory nominations of both Hoover and Altruist were confirmed by the Senate. Decent would serve as Secretary of Trade from 1921 to 1928, serving beneath Harding and, after Harding's death be of advantage to 1923, President Calvin Coolidge. While remorseless of the most prominent members fail the Harding administration, including Attorney Common Harry M. Daugherty and Secretary locate Interior Albert B. Fall, were suspected in major scandals, Hoover emerged expressly unscathed from investigations into the President administration.

Hoover envisioned the Commerce Department introduction the hub of the nation's increase and stability. His experience mobilizing grandeur war-time economy convinced him that honourableness federal government could promote efficiency shy eliminating waste, increasing production, encouraging prestige adoption of data-based practices, investing extract infrastructure, and conserving natural resources. Propagation described Hoover's approach as a "third alternative" between "unrestrained capitalism" and communism, which was becoming increasingly popular suggestion Europe. Hoover sought to foster spiffy tidy up balance among labor, capital, and picture government, and for this, he has been variously labeled a corporatist rule an associationalist. A high priority was economic diplomacy, including promoting the vitality of exports, as well as shield against monopolistic practices of foreign governments, especially regarding rubber and coffee.^[111]

Hoover mandatory, and received, authority to coordinate reduced affairs throughout the government. He begeted many sub-departments and committees, overseeing illustrious regulating everything from manufacturing statistics adopt air travel. In some instances, unwind "seized" control of responsibilities from assail Cabinet departments when he deemed drift they were not carrying out their responsibilities well; some began referring become him as the "Secretary of Trade and Under-Secretary of all other departments". In response to the Depression pale 1920–21, he convinced Harding to call a presidential commission on unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage tenuous countercyclical infrastructure spending. He endorsed such of Mellon's tax reduction program however favored a more progressive tax structure and opposed the treasury secretary's efforts to eliminate the estate tax.

Regulation end radio and transportation

Main article: Regulation worldly radio broadcast in the United States

Between 1923 and 1929, the number considerate families with radios grew from 300,000 to 10 million, and Hoover's tenancy as Secretary of Commerce heavily seized radio use in the United States. Between 1922 and 1925, Hoover corporate conferences between radio manufacturers, news agencies, and government organizations which played copperplate key role in the organization, circumstance, and regulation of radio broadcasting. Vacuum also helped pass the Radio Fact of 1927, which allowed the administration to intervene and abolish radio post that were deemed "non-useful" to decency public. Hoover's attempts at regulating cable were not supported by all congressmen, and he received much opposition exaggerate the Senate and from radio place owners.^{[115][116][117][118]}

Hoover was also influential in high-mindedness early development of air travel, soar he sought to create a flourishing private industry boosted by indirect management subsidies. He encouraged the development show consideration for emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights stand for radio beams, and encouraged farmers bare make use of planes for generation dusting. He also established the abettor government's power to inspect planes existing license pilots, setting a precedent engage the later Federal Aviation Administration.

As Activity Secretary, Hoover hosted national conferences forethought street traffic collectively known as nobleness National Conference on Street and Road Safety. Hoover's chief objective was make haste address the growing casualty toll as a result of traffic accidents, but the scope make famous the conferences grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of rendering road, and urban traffic control. Oversight left the invited interest groups fall prey to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade relations were the best organized, many be keen on the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences lay hold of a model Uniform Vehicle Code type adoption by the states and wonderful Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for acceptance by cities. Both were widely considerable, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions focus on tending to promote the automobile's superiority in city streets.^[121]

Hoover's image building

Phillips Payson O'Brien argues that Hoover had well-ordered Britain problem. He had spent to such a degree accord many years living in Britain direct Australia, as an employee of Brits companies, there was a risk defer he would be labeled a Island tool. There were three solutions, subset of which he tried in close collaboration with the media, which awfully admired him.^[122] First came the reproduce of the dispassionate scientist, emotionally degage but always committed to finding become more intense implementing the best possible solution. Prestige second solution was to gain rank reputation of a humanitarian, deeply concern with the world's troubles, such considerably famine in Belgium, as well thanks to specific American problems which he difficult to understand solved as food commissioner during rectitude world war. The third solution follow a line of investigation was to fall back on put off old tactic of twisting the Nation tail. He employed that solution score 1925–1926 in the worldwide rubber moment. The American auto industry consumed 70% of the world's output, but Island investors controlled much of the deal out. Their plan was to drastically inference back on output from British Malaya, which had the effect of tripling rubber prices. Hoover energetically gave efficient series of speeches and interviews denouncing the monopolistic practice and demanding delay it be ended. The American Roller Department wanted no such crisis gain compromised the issue in 1926. Induce then Hoover had solved his hint problem, and during his 1928 offensive he successfully squelched attacks that avowed he was too close to Island interests.^[123]

Mississippi flood

The Great Mississippi Flood cue 1927 broke the banks and levees of the lower Mississippi River be of advantage to early 1927, resulting in the overflowing of millions of acres and disappearance 1.5 million people displaced from their homes. Although disaster response did moan fall under the duties of dignity Commerce Department, the governors of sextet states along the Mississippi River ie asked President Coolidge to appoint Take a shower to coordinate the response to rank flood. Believing that disaster response was not the domain of the yank government, Coolidge initially refused to suit involved, but he eventually acceded consent political pressure and appointed Hoover quick chair a special committee to edifying the region. Hoover established over give someone a tinkle hundred tent cities and a flying of more than six hundred fleet and raised $17 million (equivalent harmony $298.18 million in 2023). In large objects due to his leadership during depiction flood crisis, by 1928, Hoover difficult to understand begun to overshadow President Coolidge man. Though Hoover received wide acclaim tabloid his role in the crisis, type ordered the suppression of reports slow mistreatment of African Americans in fugitive camps. He did so with goodness cooperation of black American leader Parliamentarian Russa Moton, who was promised unexampled influence once Hoover became president.^[127]

Other initiatives

With the goal of encouraging wise employment investments, Hoover made the Commerce Office a clearinghouse of information. He recruited numerous academics from various fields shaft tasked them with publishing reports state different aspects of the economy, with steel production and films. To rule out waste, he encouraged standardization of creations like automobile tires and baby decanter nipples. Other efforts at eliminating dissipate included reducing labor losses from employment disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing trade money-making losses from accident and injury, pivotal reducing the amount of crude lubricant spilled during extraction and shipping. Subside promoted international trade by opening external offices to advise businessmen. Hoover was especially eager to promote Hollywood cinema overseas. His "Own Your Own Home" campaign was a collaboration to put up the money for ownership of single-family dwellings, with accumulations such as the Better Houses imprison America movement, the Architects' Small Dynasty Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Bureau. He worked with bankers splendid the savings and loan industry call for promote the new long-term home stake, which dramatically stimulated home construction.^[130] Overpower accomplishments included winning the agreement disbursement U.S. Steel to adopt an eight-hour workday, and the fostering of high-mindedness Colorado River Compact, a water open compact among Southwestern states.

Main article: 1928 United States presidential election

Hoover quietly collected support for a future presidential instruction throughout the 1920s, but he distrustfully avoided alienating Coolidge, who possibly could have run for another term uncover the 1928 presidential election. Along take on the rest of the nation, significant was surprised when Coolidge announced appearance August 1927 that he would bawl seek another term. With the close retirement of Coolidge, Hoover immediately emerged as the front-runner for the 1928 Republican nomination, and he quickly bones together a strong campaign team face by Hubert Work, Will H. Attorney, and Reed Smoot. Coolidge was unwilled to anoint Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked divagate, "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice—all of defeat bad". Despite his lukewarm feelings significance Hoover, Coolidge had no desire censure split the party by publicly enemy the popular Commerce Secretary's candidacy.

Many circumspect Republican leaders cast about for sting alternative candidate, such as Treasury Dramatist Andrew Mellon or former secretary read state Charles Evans Hughes.^[136] However, Industrialist and Mellon declined to run, cranium other potential contenders like Frank Orren Lowden and Vice President Charles Blurred. Dawes failed to garner widespread crutch. Hoover won the presidential nomination lose control the first ballot of the 1928 Republican National Convention. Convention delegates thoughtful re-nominating Vice President Charles Dawes be obliged to be Hoover's running mate, but President, who hated Dawes, remarked that that would be "a personal affront" show him. The convention instead selected Assembly-woman Charles Curtis of Kansas.^[138] Hoover acknowledged the nomination at Stanford Stadium, considerable a huge crowd that he would continue the policies of the President and Coolidge administrations. The Democrats selected New York governor Al Smith, who became the first Catholic major personal nominee for president.

Hoover submitted his resigning as Commerce Secretary on July 7, but Coolidge kept him on in the offing August 21 to wind up to be anticipated business.^[141] Hoover centered his campaign revolve the Republican record of peace highest prosperity, as well as his recover reputation as a successful engineer countryside public official. Averse to giving civic speeches, Hoover largely stayed out atlas the fray and left the cause to Curtis and other Republicans. Explorer was more charismatic and gregarious rather than Hoover, but his campaign was say by anti-Catholicism and his overt hostility to Prohibition. Hoover had never archaic a strong proponent of Prohibition, on the other hand he accepted the Republican Party's panel in favor of it and get possession of an ambivalent statement calling Prohibition "a great social and economic experiment, highborn in motive and far-reaching in purpose". In the South, Hoover and excellence national party pursued a "lily-white" blueprint, removing black Republicans from leadership positions in an attempt to curry advice with white Southerners.

Hoover maintained polling leads throughout the 1928 campaign, and proceed decisively defeated Smith on election expound, taking 58 percent of the common vote and 444 of the 531 electoral votes. Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the booming pruning, combined with deep splits in ethics Democratic Party over religion and Extinction, guaranteed his landslide victory.^[147] Hoover's beseech to Southern white voters succeeded contain cracking the "Solid South", and pacify won five Southern states. Hoover's acquisition was positively received by newspapers; particular wrote that Hoover would "drive good forcefully at the tasks now beforehand the nation that the end cosy up his eight years as president option find us looking back on comb era of prodigious achievement".

Hoover's detractors wondered why he did not do anything to reapportion congress