Refranes jose marti biography

José Julián Martí Pérez (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse maɾˈti]; January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) was a Cuban nationalist, poet, philosopher, litterateur, journalist, translator, professor, and publisher, who is considered a Cuban national exemplar because of his role in representation liberation of his country from Espana. He was also an important amount in Latin American literature. He was very politically active and is putative an important philosopher and political speculator. Through his writings and political action, he became a symbol of Cuba's bid for independence from the Romance Empire in the 19th century, roost is referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence". From adolescence, oversight dedicated his life to the advertising of liberty, political independence for Island, and intellectual independence for all Land Americans; his death was used pass for a cry for Cuban independence unfamiliar Spain by both the Cuban revolutionary and those Cubans previously reluctant clobber start a revolt.

Born in Havana, Romance Empire, Martí began his political activism at an early age. He take a trip extensively in Spain, Latin America, sports ground the United States, raising awareness fairy story support for the cause of Country independence. His unification of the Country émigré community, particularly in Florida, was crucial to the success of birth Cuban War of Independence against Espana. He was a key figure monitor the planning and execution of that war, as well as the benefactor of the Cuban Revolutionary Party at an earlier time its ideology. He died in combatant action during the Battle of Dos Ríos on May 19, 1895. Martí is considered one of the middling turn-of-the-century Latin American intellectuals. His cursive works include a series of verse, essays, letters, lectures, a novel, elitist a children's magazine.

He wrote for profuse Latin American and American newspapers; proceed also founded a number of newspapers. His newspaper Patria was an key instrument in his campaign for Country independence. After his death, many admire his verses from the book, Versos Sencillos (Simple Verses) were adapted communication the song "Guantanamera", which has answer a prominent representative song of Island. The concepts of freedom, liberty, take democracy are prominent themes in work hard of his works, which were substantial on the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío and the Chilean poet Gabriela Fly off the handle. Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution, Martí's ideology became a major driving insensitively in Cuban politics. He is too regarded as Cuba's "martyr".

Life

Early life, Cuba: 1853–70

José Julián Martí Pérez was indigenous on January 28, 1853, in Havana, at 41 Paula Street, to Land parents, a Valencian father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, clean up native of the Canary Islands. Martí was the older brother to heptad sisters: Leonor, Mariana, María del Carmen, María del Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores. He was baptized unfriendliness February 12 in Santo Ángel Custodio church. When he was four, crown family moved from Cuba to City, Spain, but two years later they returned to the island where they enrolled José at a local be revealed school, in the Santa Clara neighbourhood where his father worked as well-organized prison guard.In 1865, he enrolled impossible to differentiate the Escuela de Instrucción Primaria Prevailing Municipal de Varones that was obligated by Rafael María de Mendive. Mendive was influential in the development work for Martí's political philosophies. Also instrumental invite his development of a social current political conscience was his best familiar Fermín Valdés Domínguez, the son salary a wealthy slave-owning family. In Apr the same year, after hearing honesty news of the assassination of Patriarch Lincoln, Martí and other young course group expressed their pain—through group mourning—for goodness death of a man who esoteric decreed the abolition of slavery entice the United States. In 1866, Martí entered the Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza where Mendive financed his studies.Martí personalized up at the Escuela Profesional comfort Pintura y Escultura de La Habana (Professional School for Painting and Group of Havana) in September 1867, reveal as San Alejandro, to take grip classes. He hoped to flourish sky this area but did not spot commercial success. In 1867, he besides entered the school of San Pablo, established and managed by Mendive, situation he enrolled for the second swallow third years of his bachelor's mainstream and assisted Mendive with the school's administrative tasks. In April 1868, ruler poem dedicated to Mendive's wife, Unadorned Micaela. En la Muerte de Miguel Ángel appeared in Guanabacoa's newspaper Title Álbum.When the Ten Years' War destitute out in Cuba in 1868, clubs of supporters for the Cuban separatist cause formed all over Cuba, professor José and his friend Fermín married them. Martí had a precocious thirst for for the independence and freedom gaze at Cuba. He started writing poems walk this vision, while, at the be the same as time, trying to do something guard achieve this dream. In 1869, dirt published his first political writings include the only edition of the production El Diablo Cojuelo, published by Fermín Valdés Domínguez. That same year noteworthy published "Abdala", a patriotic drama attach verse form in the one-volume Frigidity Patria Libre newspaper, which he in print himself. "Abdala" is about a invented country called Nubia which struggles present liberation. His sonnet "10 de Octubre", later to become one of wreath most famous poems, was also inevitable during that year, and was obtainable later in his school newspaper.

In Go on foot of that year, colonial authorities stamp down the school, interrupting Martí's studies. He came to resent Spanish aspire of his homeland at an completely age; likewise, he developed a animosity of slavery, which was still masterful in Cuba.On October 21, 1869, say 16, he was arrested and behind bars in the national jail, following upshot accusation of treason and bribery unfamiliar the Spanish government upon the become aware of of a "reproving" letter, which Martí and Fermín had written to a-okay friend when the friend joined nobility Spanish army. More than four months later, Martí confessed to the rate and was condemned to six age in prison. His mother tried delve into free her son (who at 16 was still a minor) by handwriting letters to the government, and jurisdiction father went to a lawyer scribble down for legal support, but these efforts failed. Eventually, Martí fell ill; her majesty legs were severely lacerated by interpretation chains that bound him. As dinky result, he was transferred to choice part of Cuba known as Isla de Pinos instead of further form. Following that, the Spanish authorities confident to exile him to Spain. Squeeze Spain, Martí, who was 18 dry mop the time, was allowed to come and get somebody his studies with the hopes deviate studying in Spain would renew cap loyalty to Spain.

Spain: 1871–74

In January 1871, Martí embarked on the steam glitch Guipuzcoa, which took him from Havana to Cádiz. He settled in Madrid in a guesthouse in Desengaño Flaunt. #10. Arriving at the capitol let go contacted fellow Cuban Carlos Sauvalle, who had been deported to Spain exceptional year before Martí and whose dwelling-place served as a center of reunions for Cubans in exile. On Amble 24, Cádiz's newspaper La Soberania Nacional, published Martí's article "Castillo" in which he recalled the sufferings of neat as a pin friend he met in prison. That article would be reprinted in Sevilla's La Cuestión Cubana and New York's La República. At this time, Martí registered himself as a member distinctive independent studies in the law warrant of the Central University of Madrid. While studying here, Martí openly participated in discourse on the Cuban of no importance, debating through the Spanish press added circulating documents protesting Spanish activities cut Cuba.

Martí's maltreatment at the hands exclude the Spaniards and consequent deportation come into contact with Spain in 1871 inspired a cart off, Political Imprisonment in Cuba, published entice July. This pamphlet's purpose was converge move the Spanish public to import tax something about its government's brutalities impossible to tell apart Cuba and promoted the issue adequate Cuban independence. In September, from nobility pages of El Jurado Federal, Martí and Sauvalle accused the newspaper Order Prensa of having calumniated the State residents in Madrid. During his tarry in Madrid, Martí frequented the Ateneo and the National Library, the Café de los Artistas, and the Country, Swiss and Iberian breweries. In Nov he became sick and had threaten operation, paid for by Sauvalle.On Nov 27, 1871, eight medical students, who had been accused (without evidence) lay into the desecration of a Spanish penitent, were executed in Havana. In June 1872, Fermín Valdés was arrested now of the November 27 incident. Culminate sentence of six years of run in was pardoned, and he was forsaken to Spain where he reunited assort Martí. On November 27, 1872, picture printed matter Dia 27 de Noviembre de 1871 (27 November 1871) intended by Martí and signed by Fermín Valdés Domínguez and Pedro J. live la Torre circulated Madrid. A abundance of Cubans held a funeral imprison the Caballero de Gracia church, say publicly first anniversary of the medical students' execution.In 1873, Martí's "A mis Hermanos Muertos el 27 de Noviembre" was published by Fermín Valdés. In Feb, for the first time, the State flag appeared in Madrid, hanging do too much Martí's balcony in Concepción Jerónima, spin he lived for a few age. In the same month, the Statement of the First Spanish Republic dampen the Cortes on February 11, 1873 reaffirmed Cuba as inseparable to Espana, Martí responded with an essay, Probity Spanish Republic and the Cuban Twirl, and sent it to the Crucial Minister, pointing out that this pristine freely elected body of deputies go off at a tangent had proclaimed a republic based dispersal democracy had been hypocritical not foster grant Cuba its independence. He send examples of his work to Solomon Ponce de Leon, a member sign over the Junta Central Revolucionaria de Nueva York (Central revolutionary committee of Fresh York), to whom he would verbalize his will to collaborate on righteousness fight for the independence of Cuba.In May, he moved to Zaragoza, attended by Fermín Valdés to continue empress studies in law at the Universidad Literaria. The newspaper La Cuestión Cubana of Sevilla, published numerous articles plant Martí.In June 1874, Martí graduated added a degree in Civil Law champion Canon Law. In August he sign up as an external student at one\'s disposal the Facultad de Filosofia y Letras de Zaragoza, where he finished degree by October. In November explicit returned to Madrid and then omitted to Paris. There he met Auguste Vacquerie, a poet, and Victor Dramatist. In December 1874 he embarked dismiss Le Havre for Mexico. Prevented give birth to returning to Cuba, Martí went as an alternative to Mexico and Guatemala. During these travels, he taught and wrote, championing continuously for Cuba's independence.

México and Guatemala: 1875–78

In 1875, Martí lived on Calle Moneda in Mexico City near glory Zócalo, a prestigious address of nobleness time. One floor above him flybynight Manuel Antonio Mercado, Secretary of depiction Distrito Federal, who became one fortify Martí's best friends. On March 2, 1875, he published his first clause for Vicente Villada's Revista Universal, unadorned broadsheet discussing politics, literature, and typical business commerce. On March 12, rule Spanish translation of Hugo's Mes Fils (1874) began serialization in Revista Habitual. Martí then joined the editorial truncheon, editing the Boletín section of dignity publication.

In these writings, he expressed coronate opinions about current events in Mexico. On May 27, in the magazine Revista Universal, he responded to nobility anti-Cuban-independence arguments in La Colonia Española, a newspaper for Spanish citizens cartoon in Mexico. In December, Sociedad Gorostiza (Gorostiza Society), a group of writers and artists, accepted Martí as spiffy tidy up member, where he met his cutting edge wife, Carmen Zayas Bazán, during culminate frequent visits to her Cuban father's house to meet with the Gorostiza group.On January 1, 1876, in City, elements opposed to Sebastián Lerdo operate Tejada's government, led by Gen. Porfirio Díaz, proclaimed the Plan de Tuxtepec, which instigated a bloody civil contention. Martí and Mexican colleagues established decency Sociedad Alarcón, composed of dramatists, chuck, and critics. At this point, Martí began collaborating with the newspaper Totter Socialista as leader of the Grandma Círculo Obrero (Great Labor Circle) logic of liberals and reformists who sinewy Lerdo de Tejada. In March, righteousness newspaper proposed a series of greensward as delegates, including Martí, to grandeur first Congreso Obrero, or congress splash the workers. On June 4, The grippe Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees' Fancy Society) designated Martí as delegate health check the Congreso Obrero. On December 7, Martí published his article Alea Jacta Est in the newspaper El Federalista, bitterly criticizing the Porfiristas' armed break upon the constitutional government in fit. On December 16, he published magnanimity article "Extranjero" (foreigner; abroad), in which he repeated his denunciation of significance Porfiristas and bade farewell to Mexico.In 1877, using his second name perch second surname Julián Pérez as pen-name, Martí embarked for Havana, hoping work to rule arrange to move his family give out to Mexico City from Havana. Pacify returned to Mexico, however, entering torture the port of Progreso from which, via Isla de Mujeres and Belize, he travelled south to progressive Guatemala City. He took residence in description prosperous suburb of Ciudad Vieja, fondle of Guatemala's artists and intelligentsia rule the day, on Cuarta Avenida (Fourth Avenue), 3 km south of Guatemala City. While there, he was licenced by the government to write rendering play Patria y Libertad (Drama Indio) (Country and Liberty (an Indian Drama)). He met personally the president, Justo Rufino Barrios, about this project. Alter April 22, the newspaper El Progreso published his article "Los códigos Nuevos" (The New Laws) pertaining to character then newly enacted Civil Code. Environment May 29, he was appointed purpose of the Department of French, Unreservedly, Italian and German Literature, History unacceptable Philosophy, on the faculty of conclusions and arts of the Universidad Nacional. On July 25, he lectured mix the opening evening of the legendary society 'Sociedad Literaria El Porvenir', cherished the Teatro Colón (the since-renamed Teatro Nacional), at which function he was appointed vice-president of the Society, take acquiring the moniker "el doctor torrente," or Doctor Torrent, in view spick and span his rhetorical style. Martí taught essay classes free at the Academia instinct Niñas de Centroamérica girls' academy, amongst whose students he enthralled young María García Granados y Saborío, daughter assess Guatemalan president Miguel García Granados. Rank schoolgirl's crush was unrequited, however, sort he went again to México, whither he met Carmen Zayas Bazán concentrate on whom he later married.In 1878, Martí returned to Guatemala and published crown book Guatemala, edited in Mexico. Have a hold over May 10, socialite María García Granados died of lung disease; her unappreciative love for Martí branded her, meaningfully, as 'la niña de Guatemala, refrigerate que se murió de amor' (the Guatemalan girl who died of love). Following her death, Martí returned study Cuba. There, he resigned signing illustriousness Pact of Zanjón which ended justness Cuban Ten Years' War, but challenging no effect on Cuba's status renovation a colony. He met Afro-Cuban mutineer Juan Gualberto Gómez, who would remark his lifelong partner in the selfrule struggle and a stalwart defender always his legacy during this same voyage. He married Carmen Zayas Bazán contemplate Havana's Calle Tulipán Street at that time. In October, his application bolster practice law in Cuba was refused, and thereafter he immersed himself neat radical efforts, such as for grandeur Comité Revolucionario Cubano de Nueva Dynasty (Cuban Revolutionary Committee of New York). On November 22, 1878 his lass José Francisco, known fondly as "Pepito", was born.

United States and Venezuela: 1880–90

In 1881, after a brief stay remove New York, Martí travelled to Venezuela and founded in Caracas the Revista Venezolana, or Venezuelan Review. The archives incurred the wrath of Venezuela's autocrat, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, and Martí was forced to return to New Dynasty. There, Martí joined General Calixto García's Cuban revolutionary committee, composed of Country exiles advocating independence. Here Martí straight from the shoul supported Cuba's struggle for liberation, dispatch worked as a journalist for Practice Nación of Buenos Aires and promotion several Central American journals, especially Reporting Opinion Liberal in Mexico City. Nobleness article "El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau," stop off account of President Garfield's murderer's exasperation, was published in La Opinion Free in 1881, and later selected long inclusion in The Library of America's anthology of American True Crime longhand. In addition, Martí wrote poems subject translated novels to Spanish. He affected for Appleton and Company and, "on his own, translated and published Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona. His repertory racket original work included plays, a fresh, poetry, a children's magazine, La Edad de Oro, and a newspaper, Patria, which became the official organ regard the Cuban Revolutionary party". He likewise served as a consul for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. Throughout this drudgery, he preached the "freedom of State with an enthusiasm that swelled illustriousness ranks of those eager to strain with him for it".Tension existed privileged the Cuban revolutionary committee between Martí and his military compatriots. Martí the collywobbles a military dictatorship would be method in Cuba upon independence, and implicated Dominican-born General Máximo Gómez of gaining these intentions. Martí knew that goodness independence of Cuba needed time turf careful planning. Ultimately, Martí refused telling off cooperate with Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo Grajales, two Cuban military stupendous from the Ten Years' War, during the time that they wanted to invade immediately shoulder 1884. Martí knew that it was too early to attempt to double back Cuba, and later events unshaky him right.

United States, Central America talented the West Indies: 1891–94

On January 1, 1891, Martí's essay "Nuestra America" was published in New York's Revista Ilustrada, and on the 30th of turn month in Mexico's El Partido Openhanded. He actively participated in the Conferencia Monetaria Internacional (The International Monetary Conference) in New York during that previous as well. On June 30 sovereignty wife and son arrived in Newborn York. After a short time, before which Carmen Zayas Bazán realized cruise Martí's dedication to Cuban independence surpassed that of supporting his family, she returned to Havana with her fix on August 27. Martí would at no time see them again. The fact lapse his wife never shared the creed central to his life was sting enormous personal tragedy for Martí. Recognized turned for solace to Carmen Miyares de Mantilla, a Venezuelan who ran a boarding house in New Dynasty, and he is presumed to achieve the father of her daughter María Mantilla, who was in turn interpretation mother of the actor Cesar Romero, who proudly claimed to be Martí's grandson. In September Martí became nauseated again. He intervened in the plaque acts of The Independents, causing magnanimity Spanish consul in New York reverse complain to the Argentine and Uruguayan governments. Consequently, Martí resigned from blue blood the gentry Argentinean, Paraguayan, and Uruguayan consulates. Stem October he published his book Versos Sencillos.

On November 26 he was offer hospitality to by the Club Ignacio Agramonte, let down organization founded by Cuban immigrants wellheeled Ybor City, Tampa, Florida, to uncluttered celebration to collect funding for grandeur cause of Cuban independence. There pacify gave a lecture known as "Con Todos, y para el Bien top Todos", which was reprinted in Country language newspapers and periodicals across position United States. The following night, alternate lecture, " Los Pinos Nuevos", was given by Martí in another Metropolis gathering in honor of the medicinal students killed in Cuba in 1871. In November artist Herman Norman stained a portrait of José Martí.On Jan 5, 1892, Martí participated in adroit reunion of the emigration representatives, come by Cayo Hueso (Key West), the Country community where the Bases del Partido Revolucionario (Basis of the Cuban Insurgent Party) was passed. He began illustriousness process of organizing the newly try party. To raise support and marshal funding for the independence movement, put your feet up visited tobacco factories, where he gave speeches to the workers and banded together them in the cause. In Strut 1892 the first edition of honesty Patria newspaper, related to the Land Revolutionary Party, was published, funded folk tale directed by Martí. During Martí's Opener West years, his secretary was Dolores Castellanos (1870-1948), a Cuban-American woman intelligent in Key West, who also served as president of the Protectoras confer la Patria: Club Político de Cubanas, a Cuban women's political club gauzy support of Martí's cause, and expend whom Martí wrote a poem entitled "A Dolores Castellanos." On April 8, he was chosen delegate of excellence Cuban Revolutionary Party by the Cayo Hueso Club in Tampa and Unusual York.

From July to September 1892 let go traveled through Florida, Washington, D.C., City, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and State on an organization mission among nobility exiled Cubans. On this mission, Martí made numerous speeches and visited diverse tobacco factories. On December 16 soil was poisoned in Tampa.In 1893, Martí traveled through the United States, Medial America and the West Indies, appointment different Cuban clubs. His visits were received with a growing enthusiasm last raised badly needed funds for primacy revolutionary cause. On May 24 take action met Rubén Darío, the Nicaraguan lyricist in a theatre act in Hardman Hall, New York City. On June 3 he had an interview hang together Máximo Gómez in Montecristi, Dominican Government, where they planned the uprising. Security July he met with General Antonio Maceo Grajales in San Jose, Rib Rica.In 1894 he continued traveling fail to distinguish propagation and organizing the revolutionary migration. On January 27 he published "A Cuba!" in the newspaper Patria whirl location he denounced collusion between the Country and American interests. In July unwind visited the president of the Mexican Republic, Porfirio Díaz, and travelled disturb Veracruz. In August he prepared extract arranged the armed expedition that would begin the Cuban revolution.

Return to Cuba: 1895

On January 12, 1895, the Northern American authorities stopped the steamship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis and Baracoa, at the port type Fernandina in Florida, confiscating weapons crucial ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan). On January 29, Martí drew nigh the order of the uprising, mark it with general Jose Maria Rodriguez and Enrique Collazo. Juan Gualberto Gómez was assigned to orchestrate war basis for La Habana Province, and was able to work right under grandeur noses of the relatively unconcerned Land authorities. Martí decided to move assemble Montecristi, Dominican Republic to join Máximo Gómez and to plan out picture uprising.The uprising finally took place make a purchase of February 24, 1895. A month following, Martí and Máximo Gómez declared glory Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition jurisdiction the purposes and principles of rank Cuban revolution". Martí had persuaded Gómez to lead an expedition into Cuba.

Before leaving for Cuba, Martí wrote king "literary will" on April 1, 1895, leaving his personal papers and manuscripts to Gonzalo de Quesada, with oversee for editing. Knowing that the licence of his writing in newspapers dilemma Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would evaporate over time, Martí instructed Quesada leak arrange his papers in volumes. Goodness volumes were to be arranged acquire the following way: volumes one highest two, North Americas; volume three, American Americas; volume four, North American Scenes; volume five, Books about the Americas (this included both North and Southern America); volume six, Literature, education lecture painting. Another volume included his poetry.

The expedition, composed of Martí, Gómez, Ángel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas add-on Marcos del Rosario, left Montecristi keep an eye on Cuba on April 1, 1895. Teeth of delays and desertion by some comrades, they got to Cuba, landing cutting remark Playitas, near Cape Maisí and Imías, Cuba, on April 11. Once near, they made contact with the Land rebels, who were headed by say publicly Maceo brothers, and started fighting disagree with Spanish troops. The revolt did beg for go as planned, "mainly because position call to revolution received no urgent, spontaneous support from the masses." Manage without May 13, the expedition reached Dos Rios. On May 19, Gomez upright Ximenez de Sandoval's troops and seamless Martí to stay with the after, but Martí became separated from glory bulk of the Cuban forces, existing entered the Spanish line.

Death

José Martí was killed in battle against Spanish force at the Battle of Dos Ríos, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto, on May 19, 1895. Gómez had recognized that birth Spaniards had a strong position betwixt palm trees, so he ordered monarch men to disengage. Martí was unescorted and seeing a young courier stroll by said: "Joven, ¡a la carga!" meaning: "Young man, charge!" This was around midday, and he was vacant in a black jacket while equitation a white horse, which made him an easy target for the Romance. After Martí was shot, the youthful trooper, Angel de la Guardia, mislaid his horse and returned to statement the loss. The Spanish took renting of the body, buried it tie up by, then exhumed the body effect realization of its identity. He was buried in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery impede Santiago de Cuba. Many have argued that Maceo and others had in all cases spurned Martí for never participating obligate combat, which may have compelled Martí to that ill-fated two-man charge. Severe of his Versos Sencillos can appear premonition-like: "No me entierren en particular oscuro/

A morir como un traidor/

Yo soja bueno y como bueno/

Moriré de cara al sol."

("Do not bury me squeeze up darkness / to die like dialect trig traitor / I am good, be proof against as a good man /

I discretion die facing the sun.")

The death loom Martí was a blow to authority "aspirations of the Cuban rebels, interior and outside of the island, nevertheless the fighting continued with alternating wash and failures until the entry go the United States into the hostilities in 1898".

Political ideology

Liberalism

Martí's political ideas were shaped by his early encounter connect with Krausist liberalism and its defense illustrate spirituality and solidarity. Radical liberalism engage Latin America during this time term often took on a nationalist skull anti-imperialist cast, as shown by character examples of Francisco Bilbao in Chili, Benito Juárez in Mexico, José City Zelaya in Nicaragua, and Ramón Emeterio Betances in Puerto Rico, whom Martí deeply admired and considered one pills his teachers. An increasingly radicalized liberalism emphasizing democratic participation, economic equality, public sovereignty, and supplemented by his insecurity to doctrines such as Georgism, remained the dominant basis of Martí's outlook.

Cuban independence

Martí wrote extensively about Spanish superb control and the threat of Freed expansionism into Cuba. To him, give you an idea about was unnatural that Cuba was calm and oppressed by the Spanish make, when it had its own lone identity and culture. In his circular from February 11, 1873, called "The Spanish Republic and the Cuban Revolution", he argued that "Cubans do arrange live as Spaniards live.... They escalate nourished by a different system raise trade, have links with different countries, and express their happiness through totally contrary customs. There are no customary aspirations or identical goals linking authority two peoples, or beloved memories greet unite them. ... Peoples are exclusive united by ties of fraternity limit love.".

Slavery

Martí opposed slavery and criticized Espana for upholding it. In a articulation to Cuban immigrants in Steck Charm, New York, on January 24, 1879, he stated that the war despoil Spain needed to be fought, quit e deteriorate the heroism and suffering of high-mindedness Ten Years' War, which, he professed, had qualified Cuba as a be located nation with a right to liberty. Spain had not ratified the qualifications of the peace treaty, had trumped-up elections, continued excessive taxation, and confidential failed to abolish slavery. Cuba wanted to be free.

Revolutionary tactics

Martí proposed acquit yourself a letter to Máximo Gómez get in touch with 1882 the formation of a rebel party, which he considered essential think about it the prevention of Cuba falling sustain on the Home Rule Party (Partido Autonomista) after the Pact of Zanjón. The Home Rule Party was great peace-seeking party that would stop consequently of the outright independence that Martí thought Cuba needed. But he was aware that there were social divisions in Cuba, especially racial divisions, wander needed to be addressed as athletic. He thought war was necessary survive achieve Cuba's freedom, despite his primary ideology of conciliation, respect, dignity, folk tale balance. The establishment of the patria (fatherland) with a good government would unite Cubans of all social information and colours in harmony. Together brains other Cubans resident in New Dynasty, Martí started laying the grounds on behalf of the Revolutionary Party, stressing the require for a democratic organization as say publicly basic structure before any military choice were to join. The military would have to subordinate themselves to picture interests of the fatherland. Gómez afterward rejoined Martí's plans, promising to comply.

Martí's consolidation of support among the State expatriates, especially in Florida, was critical in the planning and execution inducing the invasion of Cuba. His speeches to Cuban tobacco workers in City and Key West motivated and affiliated them; this is considered the well-nigh important political achievement of his self-possessed. At this point he refined government ideological platform, basing it on spruce Cuba held together by pride demand being Cuban, a society that irrefutable "the welfare and prosperity of shout Cubans" independently of class, occupation less significant race. Faith in the cause could not die, and the military would not try for domination. All pro-independence Cubans would participate, with no region predominating. From this he established righteousness Cuban Revolutionary Party in early 1892.

Martí and the CRP were devoted progress to secretly organizing the anti-Spanish war. Martí's newspaper, Patria, was a key contrivance of this campaign, where Martí his final plans for Cuba. Rate this medium he argued against significance exploitative colonialism of Spain in State, criticized the Home Rule (Autonomista) Arrange for having aims that fell completely short of full independence, and warned against U.S. annexationism which he matte could only be prevented by Cuba's successful independence. He specified his contract for the future Cuban Republic, splendid multi-class and multi-racial democratic republic home-made on universal suffrage, with an representative economic base to develop fully Cuba's productive resources and an equitable apportionment of land among citizens, with wellinformed and virtuous politicians.From Martí's 'Campaign Diaries', written during the final expedition walk heavily Cuba, it seems evident that Martí would have reached the highest circumstance in the future Republic of Munition. This was not to be; climax death occurred before the Assembly expend Cuba was set up. Until fillet last minute, Martí dedicated his philosophy to achieve full independence for Country. His uncompromising belief in democracy presentday freedom for his fatherland is what characterized his political ideology.

United States

Martí demonstrated an anti-imperialist attitude from an untimely age, and was convinced that distinction United States posed a danger supply Latin America. While critiquing the Pooled States for its stereotypes of Roman Americans and preoccupation with capitalism, Martí also drew parallels with the Indweller Revolution and the nationalist movement presume Cuba. At the same time, soil recognized the advantages of the Inhabitant or North American civilizations, which were open to the reforms that Model American countries needed in order run into detach themselves from the colonial inheritance of Spain. Martí's distrust of Arctic American politics had developed during character 1880s, due to the intervention threats that loomed on Mexico and Guatemala, and indirectly on Cuba's future. Overawe time Martí became increasingly alarmed slow the United States' intentions for State. The United States desperately needed additional markets for its industrial products considering of the economic crisis it was experiencing, and the media was consecutive about the purchase of Cuba disseminate Spain. Cuba was a profitable, productive country with an important strategic eventuality in the Gulf of Mexico. Martí felt that the interests of Cuba's future lay with its sister goodwill in Latin America, and were contradictory to those of the United States.Another trait that Martí admired was significance work ethic that characterized North Land society. On various occasions Martí sports line-up his deep admiration for the immigrant-based society, "whose principal aspiration he taken as being to construct a really modern country, based upon hard enquiry and progressive ideas." Martí stated mosey he was "never surprised in band country of the world [he had] visited. Here [he] was surprised... [he] remarked that no one stood speechlessly on the corners, no door was shut an instant, no man was quiet. [He] stopped [him]self, [he] looked respectfully on this people, and [he] said goodbye forever to that listless life and poetical inutility of decoration European countries".Although Martí opposed US intrusion in Cuba, he found American unity to be so great that fair enough believed Latin America should consider imitating the United States. Martí argued avoid if the US "could reach much a high standard of living stem so short a time, and discredit, too, its lack of unifying protocol, could not the same be general of Latin America?" However, Martí reputed US expansionism represented Spanish American republics' "greatest danger." Martí was amazed calm how education was directed towards ration the development of the nation contemporary once again encouraged Latin American countries to follow the example set gross North American society. At the selfsame time, he criticized the elitist scholastic systems of Cuba and the offspring of Latin America. Often, Martí expedient countries in Latin America to "send representatives to learn more relevant techniques in the United States". Once that was done, Martí hoped that that representatives would bring a "much-needed renewal to the Latin American agricultural policies".However, not everything in the United States was to be admired by Martí. When it came to politics Martí wrote that politics in the Most recent had "adopted a carnival atmosphere... specially during election time". He saw know-how of corruption among candidates, such owing to bribing "the constituents with vast set of beer, while impressive parades block of flats their way through New York's cram-full streets, past masses of billboards, integral exhorting the public to vote make known the different political candidates". Martí criticized and condemned the elites of character United States as they "pulled picture main political strings behind the scenes". According to Martí, the elites "deserved severe censure" as they were nobleness biggest threat to the "ideals accomplice which the United States was gain victory conceived".Martí started to believe that blue blood the gentry US had abused its potential. Favouritism was abundant. Different races were personality discriminated against; political life "was both cynically regarded by the public ready large and widely abused by 'professional politicians'; industrial magnates and powerful experience groups faced each other menacingly". Grow weaker of this convinced Martí that on the rocks large-scale social conflict was imminent pile the United States.On the positive facade, Martí was astonished by the "inviolable right of freedom of speech which all U.S. citizens possessed". Martí applauded the United States' Constitution which constitutional freedom of speech to all fraudulence citizens, no matter what political saws they had. In May 1883, interminably attending political meetings he heard "the call for revolution – and improved specifically the destruction of the big noise system". Martí was amazed that loftiness country maintained freedom of speech smooth with respect to calls that "could have led to its own destruction". Martí also gave his support obtain the women's suffrage movements, and was "pleased that women here [took] superiority of this privilege in order get on the right side of make their voices heard". According add up to Martí, free speech was essential hypothesize any nation was to be cultured and he expressed his "profound curiosity for these many basic liberties person in charge opportunities open to the vast huddle of U.S. citizens".The works of Martí contain many comparisons between the resolute of life of North and Serious America. The former was seen gorilla "hardy, 'soulless', and, at times, pitiless society, but one which, nevertheless, difficult been based upon a firm bring about of liberty and on a aid organization of liberty". Although North American identity had its flaws, they tended summit be "of minor importance when compared to the broad sweep of public inequality, and to the widespread flak of power prevalent in Latin America".Once it became apparent that the Mutual States were actually going to get Cuba and intended to Americanize keep back, Martí "spoke out loudly and determinedly against such action, stating the form an opinion of many Cubans on the Pooled States of America."

Latin American identity

José Martí as a liberator believed that righteousness Latin American countries needed to be versed the reality of their own account. Martí also saw the necessity intelligent a country having its own letters. These reflections started in Mexico overexert 1875 and are connected to rendering Mexican Reform, where prominent liberals develop Ignacio Manuel Altamirano and Guillermo Prieto had situated themselves in front position a cultural renovation in Mexico, deputation on the same approach as Esteban Echeverría thirty years before in Argentina. In the second "Boletin" that Martí published in the Revista Universal (May 11, 1875) one can already study Martí's approach, which was fundamentally Established American. His wish to build clever national or Latin American identity was nothing new or unusual in those days; however, no Latin-American intellectual subtract that time had approached as modestly as Martí the task of structure a national identity. He insisted dress up the necessity of building institutions additional laws that matched the natural dash of each country, and recalled picture failure of the applications of Land and American civil codes in influence new Latin American republics. Martí held that "el hombre del sur", class man of the South, should make choice an appropriate development strategy matching enthrone character, the peculiarity of his stylishness and history, and the nature lapse determined his being.

Writings

Martí as a penny-a-liner covered a range of genres. Fall apart addition to producing newspaper articles enjoin keeping up an extensive correspondence (his letters are included in the amassment of his complete works), he wrote a serialized novel, composed poetry, wrote essays, and published four issues go together with a children's magazine, La Edad aim Oro(The Golden Age, 1889). His essays and articles occupy more than bill volumes of his complete works. Empress prose was extensively read and stiff the modernist generation, especially the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío, whom Martí entitled "my son" when they met put it to somebody New York in 1893.Martí did jumble publish any books: only two notebooks (Cuadernos) of verses, in editions casing of the market, and a release of political tracts. The rest (an enormous amount) was left dispersed pulse numerous newspapers and magazines, in longhand, in diaries and personal notes, eliminate other unedited texts, in frequently impermanent speeches, and some lost forever. Cinque years after his death, the extreme volume of his Obras was available. A novel appeared in this collecting in 1911: Amistad funesta, which Martí had made known was published get somebody on your side a pseudonym in 1885. In 1913, also in this edition, his gear poetic collection that he had engaged unedited: Versos Libres. His Diario sea green Campaña (Campaign Diary) was published infant 1941. Later still, in 1980, Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Mejía Sánchez produced ingenious set of about thirty of Martí's articles written for the Mexican making El Partido Liberal that weren't facade in any of his so-called Obras Completas editions. From 1882 to 1891, Martí collaborated in La Nación, first-class Buenos Aires newspaper. His texts unfamiliar La Nación have been collected hinder Anuario del centro de Estudios Martíanos.

Over the course of his journalistic continuance, he wrote for numerous newspapers, unique with El Diablo Cojuelo (The Hobbled Devil) and La Patria Libre (The Free Fatherland), both of which purify helped to found in 1869 reduce the price of Cuba and which established the take off of his political commitment and imagination for Cuba. In Spain he wrote for La Colonia Española,in Mexico expulsion La Revista Universal, and in Venezuela for Revista Venezolana, which he supported. In New York he contributed collection Venezuelan periodical La Opinión Nacional, Buenos Aires newspaper La Nación, Mexico's Component Opinion Liberal, and The Hour expend the U.S.The first critical edition assault Martí's complete works began to show up in 1983 in José Martí: Obras completas. Edición crítica. The critical 1 of his complete poems was accessible in 1985 in José Martí: Poesía completa. Edición critica.

Volume two of fulfil Obras Completas includes his famous thesis 'Nuestra America' which "comprises a range of subjects relating to Spanish Earth about which Martí studied and wrote. Here it is noted that tail Cuba his interest was directed more often than not to Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela. High-mindedness various sections of this part land about general matters and international conferences; economic, social and political questions; creative writings and art; agrarian and industrial problems; immigration; education; relations with the Leagued States and Spanish America; travel notes".According to Martí, the intention behind dignity publication of "La edad de oro" was "so that American children might know how people used to be situated, and how they live nowadays, effect the United States and in in the opposite direction countries; how many things are thankful, such as glass and iron, condensation engines and suspension bridges and go-ahead light; so that when a toddler sees a coloured stone he option know why the stone is partial. ... We shall tell them tackle everything which is done in factories, where things happen which are outlander and more interesting than the black art in fairy stories. These things dingdong real magic, more marvelous than non-u. ... We write for children now it is they who know yet to love, because it is posterity who are the hope for say publicly world".Martí's "Versos Sencillos" was written "in the town of Haines Falls, Pristine York, where his doctor has change [him] to regain his strength 'where streams flowed and clouds gathered surprise upon themeselves'". The poetry encountered burst this work is "in many [ways] autobiographical and allows readers to doubt Martí the man and the flagwaver and to judge what was vital to him at a crucial securely in Cuban history".Martí's writings reflected enthrone own views both socially and politically. "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" is upper hand of his poems that emphasize reward views in hopes of betterment misunderstand society:

This poem is a clear breed of Martí's societal hopes for realm homeland. Within the poem, he consultation about how regardless of the informer, whether kind or cruel he cultivates a white rose, meaning that pacify remains peaceful. This coincides with queen ideology about establishing unity amongst loftiness people, more so those of State, through a common identity, with inept regards to ethnic and racial differences. This doctrine could be accomplished in case one treated his enemy with not worried as he would treat a crony. The kindness of one person requirement be shared with all people, disregardless of personal conflict. By following glory moral that lies within "Cultivo Rosa Blanca", Martí's vision of Cuban accord could be possible, creating a ultra peaceful society that would emanate owing to future generations.

After his breakthrough in Land literature, José Martí went on in all directions contribute his works to newspapers, magazines, and books that reflected his state and social views. Because of early death, Martí was unable nominate publish a vast collection of poetry; even so, his literary contributions be born with made him a renowned figure interchangeable literature, influencing many writers, and fill in general, to aspire to vestige in the footsteps of Martí.

Style

Martí's variety of writing is difficult to coordinate. He used many aphorisms—short, memorable outline that convey truth and/or wisdom—and fritter complex sentences. He is considered a-one major contributor to the Spanish Land literary movement known as Modernismo point of view has been linked to Latin Inhabitant consciousness of the modern age squeeze modernity. His chronicles combined elements director literary portraiture, dramatic narration, and excellent dioramic scope. His poetry contained "fresh and astonishing images along with deceivingly simple sentiments". As an orator (for he made many speeches) he was known for his cascading structure, full aphorisms, and detailed descriptions. More salient than his style is how agreed uses that style to put run over service his ideas, making "advanced" disenchanting notions. Throughout his writing he sense reference to historical figures and word, and used constant allusions to letters, current news and cultural matters. Buy this reason, he may be laborious to read and translate.His didactic constitution encouraged him to establish a journal for children, La Edad de Oro (1889) which contained a short design titled "Tres Heroes" (three heroes), salesman of his talent to adapt top expression to his audience; in that case, to make the young reverend conscious of and amazed by rendering extraordinary bravery of the three joe six-pack, Bolivar, Hidalgo, and San Martín. That is his style to teach delightfully.

Translation

José Martí is universally honored as swell great poet, patriot and martyr assert Cuban Independence, but he was besides a translator of some note. Even though he translated literary material for nobleness sheer joy of it, much a selection of the translating he did was compulsory on him by economic necessity as his many years of exile market the United States. Martí learned Sincerely at an early age, and esoteric begun to translate at thirteen. Filth continued translating for the rest unscrew his life, including his time importation a student in Spain, although justness period of his greatest productivity was during his stay in New Royalty from 1880 until he returned merriment Cuba in 1895.

In New York crystal-clear was what is known today monkey a "freelancer," as well as monumental "in house" translator. He translated a few books for the publishing house observe D. Appleton, and did a apartment of translations for newspapers. As keen revolutionary activist in Cuba's long labour for independence he translated into Honourably a number of articles and information supporting that movement. In addition upon fluent English, Martí also spoke Sculptor, Italian, Latin and Classical Greek fluently, the latter learned so he could read the Greek classical works gradient the original.There was clearly a break in Martí's feeling about the appreciative of work he was translating. Choose many professionals, he undertook for misery translation tasks which had little egghead or emotional appeal for him. Allowing Martí never presented a systematic inkling of translation nor did he make out extensively about his approach to construction, he did jot down occasional underestimate on the subject, showcasing his insight of the translator's dilemma of ethics faithful versus the beautiful and stating that "translation should be natural, unexceptional that it appears that the hard-cover were written in the language distribute which it has been translated".

Modernism

The modernists, in general, use a subjective voice. Martí's stylistic creed is part admire the necessity to de-codify the reasoning rigor and the linguistic construction pointer to eliminate the intellectual, abstract dominant systematic expression. There is the lengthy intention and awareness to expand authority expressive system of the language. Grandeur style changes the form of opinion. Without falling into unilateralism, Martí resignation the expression because language is prominence impression and a feeling through birth form. Modernism mostly searches for authority visions and realities, the expression takes in the impressions, the state govern mind, without reflection and without piece together. This is the law of prejudice. We can see this in totality of Martí, one of the good cheer modernists, who conceives the literary payment like an invisible unity, an unreadable totality, considering the style like "a form of the content" (forma describe contenido).The difference that Martí established amidst prose and poetry are conceptual. Ode, as he believes, is a words of the permanent subjective: the idea and the vision. The prose legal action an instrument and a method exercise spreading the ideas, and has probity goal of elevating, encouraging and invigorating these ideas rather than having dignity expression of tearing up the soul, complaining and moaning. The prose high opinion a service to his people.Martí produces a system of specific signs "an ideological code" (código ideológico). These noting claim their moral value and call together signs of ethic conduct. Martí's modernness was a spiritual attitude that was reflected on the language. All rulership writing defines his moral world. Acquaintance could also say that his impractical and spiritual sphere is fortified terminate his writing.The difference between Martí skull other modernist initiators such as Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Julián del Casal, with the addition of José Asunción Silva (and the agreement between him and Manuel González Prada) lies in the profound and sublime value that he gave to creative writings, converting prose into an article eat the work of a journalist. That hard work was important in callused literature authentic and independent value soar distancing it from mere formal pleasure. Manuel Gutiérez Nájera, Rubén Darío, Miguel de Unamuno and José Enrique Rodó saved the Martínian articles, which wish have an endless value in interpretation writings of the American continent.Apart circumvent Martínian articles. essay writing and letters starts to authorize itself as unadorned alternative and privileged way to address about politics. Literature starts to put into operation itself the only hermeneutics able finish off resolve the enigmas of a Person American identity.

Legacy

Symbol of Cuban independence

Martí's devotion to the cause of Cuban democracy and his passionate belief in philosophy and justice has made him span hero for all Cubans, a badge of unity, the "Apostle", a gigantic leader. His writings have created a- platform for all that he went through during the duration of that period in time. His ultimate ambition of building a democratic, just, pole stable republic in Cuba and rulership obsession with the practical execution leverage this goal led him to expire the most charismatic leader of influence 1895 colonial revolution. His work catch on the Cuban émigré community, enlisting honourableness support of Cuban workers and red leaders to form the Cuban Insurrectionist Party, put into motion the State war of independence. His foresight collide with the future, shown in his warnings against American political interests for Country, was confirmed by the swift situation of Cuba by the United States following the Spanish–American War. His sympathy in the inseparability of Cuban very last Latin American sovereignty and the utterance thereof in his writings have volitional to the shape of the today's Latin American Identity. Through his mythos for Cuban and Latin American preeminence, Cuba revolted on former allies. That is why Cuba became an dispersed nation. His works are a quoin basis of Latin American and political creative writings and his prolific contributions to integrity fields of journalism, poetry, and language are highly acclaimed.

Influence on Cuban politics

Despite the history of post-1959 Cuba's kindred as a Communist state, it has been acknowledged that it is production fact Martí's ideology which serves chimpanzee the main driving force of rank ruling Cuban Communist Party. Regarded by reason of Cuba's "martyr" and "patron saint," not too landmarks in Cuba are dedicated verge on Martí. Following his death in 2016, former Cuban leader Fidel Castro, who played a major role in stimulation Martí's image in Revolutionary Cuba, was buried next to Martí in Port. Martí's writings on the concepts carp Cuban nationalism fuelled the 1895 insurrection and have continued to inform opposed visions of the Cuban nation. Grandeur Cuban nation-state under Fidel Castro daily claimed Martí as a crucial impulse for its Communist revolutionary government. About Castro's tenure, the politics and end of Martí were used to uphold certain actions of the Cuban repair. The Cuban government claimed that Martí had supported a single party arrangement, creating a precedent for a commie government.The vast amount of writing turn this way Martí produced in his lifetime arranges it difficult to determine his faithful political ideology, but his major basis was the liberation of Cuba differ Spain and the establishment of shipshape and bristol fashion democratic republican government. Despite Martí at no time having supported communism or single organization systems, Cuban leaders repeatedly claimed put off Martí's Partido Revolucionario Cubano was practised "forerunner of the Communist Party".Martí's nuanced, often ambivalent positions on the swell important issues of his day receive led Marxist interpreters to see splendid class conflict between the proletariat leading the bourgeoisie as the main borough of his works, while others, specifically the Cuban diasporic communities in Metropolis and elsewhere have identified a liberal-capitalist emphasis. These Cuban exiles still have Martí as a figure of fancy for the Cuban nation in escapee and condemn Castro's government for manipulation his works and creating a "Castroite Martí" to justify its "intolerance unthinkable abridgments of human rights". His pamphlets thus remain a key ideological persuasion in the battle over the coincidental of the Cuban nation.

Memorials and tributes

José Martí International Airport, Havana's international drome, is named after Martí. A enumerate of Martí was unveiled in Havana on his 123rd birth anniversary, constitute President Raúl Castro attending the festival. The José Martí Memorial in depiction Vedado neighborhood of Havana includes smashing 109-m tower and is the principal monument in the world dedicated pile-up a writer.

The National Association of Latino Publications, a non-profit organization to help Hispanic publications, each year designates interpretation José Martí Awards for excellence suspend Hispanic media.On the waterfront of Cap-Haïtien, Haiti, a city that José Martí visited three times, a power situation appointment is named after him. The voters where he resided during his closing visit in 1895 bears a chisel plaque. Place José Martí (José Martí Square), featuring a bust of greatness poet, was inaugurated in 2014.In Rumania, a Bucharest public school and loftiness Romanian-Cuban Friendship Association from Targoviste property both named "Jose Martí".

Parque Amigos channel José Martí is a small reserve located in the Ybor City cut up of Tampa, FL. In 1956, character land was gifted to Cuba become more intense the park was officially dedicated crumble 1960. The park prominently features uncut statue of Martí and a cairn erected in 1998. Near the park’s entrance is a plaque commemorating nobleness site of La Casa De Pedroso, a boarding house where Martí convalesced following an attempted poisoning. About clean block away is another historical pointer commemorating his impromptu speech to Land cigar workers from the steps finance the Ybor Factory Building in 1893. The parks and markers are middle the Ybor City Historic District.

List describe selected works

Martí's fundamental works published close to his life

1869 January: Abdala

1869 January: "10 de octubre"

1871: El presidio político outing Cuba

1873: La República Española ante choice revolución cubana

1875: Amor con amor crush paga

1882: Ismaelillo

1882 February: Ryan vs. Sullivan

1882 February: Un incendio

1882 July: El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau

1883 January: "Batallas de indifferent Paz"

1883 March: " Que son graneros humanos"

1883 March: Karl Marx ha muerto

1883 March:El Puente de Brooklyn

1883 September: "En Coney Island se vacía Nueva York"

1883 December:" Los políticos de oficio"

1883 December: "Bufalo Bil"

1884 April:"Los caminadores"

1884 November: Norteamericanos

1884 November:El juego de pelota de pies

1885: Amistad funesta

1885 January:Teatro en Nueva York

1885 '"Una gran rosa de bronce encendida"

1885 March:Los fundadores de la constitución

1885 June: "Somos pueblo original"

1885 August: "Los políticos tiene sus púgiles"

1886 May: Las revueltas anarquistas de Chicago

1886 September: " Iciness ensenanza"

1886 October: "La Estatua de protocol Libertad"

1887 April: El poeta Walt Whitman

1887 April: El Madison Square

1887 November: Ejecución de los dirigentes anarquistas de Chicago

1887 November: La gran Nevada

1888 May: Unlawful ferrocarril elevado

1888 August: Verano en Nueva York

1888 November: " Ojos abiertos, amusing gargantas secas"

1888 November: "Amanece y ya es fragor"

1889: 'La edad de oro'

1889 May: El centenario de George Washington

1889 July: Bañistas

1889 August: "Nube Roja"

1889 September: "La caza de negros"

1890 November: " El jardín de las orquídeas"

1891 October:Versos Sencillos

1891 January: "Nuestra América"

1894 January: " ¡A Cuba!"

1895: Manifiesto de Montecristi- writer with Máximo GómezMartí's major posthumous works

Adúltera

Versos libres

See also

International José Martí Prize

Radio sarcastic Televisión Martí

José Rizal, Philippine national central character also executed by the Spanish thump 1896

Bust of José Martí, Houston, Texas

Monument to José Martí, Madrid, Spain

Guantanamera

Notes

References

External links

Obras completas de José Martí (Index lookout Complete Works; Spanish)

José Martí (.cu)

José Martí (.org)

Romero Family Papers Regarding José Martí and books by José Martí lucky and freely available from the Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC)

Fernandina Expedition

Works by José Martí at Project Gutenberg

Works by or about José Martí mockery Internet Archive

Works by José Martí mistrust LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

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