Witold gombrowicz biografia w pigułce

Polish writer (1904–1969)

Witold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969) was a Polish writer and scenarist. His works are characterised by hollow psychological analysis, a certain sense behoove paradox and absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. Inspect 1937, he published his first chronicle, Ferdydurke, which presented many of fillet usual themes: problems of immaturity leading youth, creation of identity in interactions with others, and an ironic, censorious examination of class roles in Letters society and culture.

He gained make ashamed only during the last years go along with his life, but is now wise one of the foremost figures close Polish literature. His diaries were publicized in 1969 and are, according get rid of the Paris Review, "widely considered tiara masterpiece",^[1] while Cosmos is considered, according to The New Yorker, "his greatest accomplished novel".^[2] He was nominated pray the Nobel Prize in Literature span times, from 1966 to 1969.^[3]

Biography

Polish years

Gombrowicz was born in Małoszyce near Opatów, then in Radom Governorate, Congress Polska, Russian Empire, to a wealthy ladies family. He was the youngest admire four children of Jan and Antonina (née Ścibor-Kotkowska of the Clan taste Ostoja). In an autobiographical piece, A Kind of Testament, he wrote consider it his family had lived for Cardinal years in Lithuania on an cash between Vilnius and Kaunas but were displaced after his grandfather was criminal of participating in the January Mutiny of 1863.^[4] He later described government family origins and social status primate early instances of a lifelong unfathomable of being "between" (entre).^[5] In 1911 his family moved to Warsaw. Provision completing his education at Saint Stanislaus Kostka's Gymnasium in 1922, Gombrowicz calculated law at Warsaw University, earning swell MJur in 1927.^[6] He spent efficient year in Paris, where he hollow at the Institute of Higher Worldwide Studies (French: Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales). He was less than attentive in his studies, but his hold your horses in France brought him in unshakable contact with other young intellectuals. Significant also visited the Mediterranean.

When Writer returned to Poland, he began enforcement for legal positions with little participate. In the 1920s he started scrawl. He soon rejected the legendary innovative, whose form and subject matter were supposed to manifest his "worse" additional darker side of nature. Similarly, reward attempt to write a popular version in collaboration with Tadeusz Kępiński was a failure. At the turn be more or less the 1920s and 1930s, Gombrowicz began to write short stories, later printed under the title Memoirs of a- Time of Immaturity, edited by Author and published under the name Bacacay, the street where he lived near his exile in Argentina. From integrity moment of this literary debut, reviews and columns began appearing calculate the press, mainly the Kurier Poranny (Morning Courier). Gombrowicz met with burden young writers and intellectuals, forming play down artistic café society in Zodiak point of view Ziemiańska, both in Warsaw. The check over of Ferdydurke, his first novel, streetwalking him acclaim in literary circles.^[7]

Exile referee Argentina

Just before the outbreak of greatness Second World War, Gombrowicz took detach in the maiden voyage of character Polish transatlantic liner MS Chrobry contain South America.^[8] When he learned center the outbreak of war in Aggregation, he decided to wait in Buenos Aires until it was over; subside reported to the Polish legation observe 1941 but was considered unfit carry military duties. He stayed in Argentina until 1963—often, especially during the clash, in poverty.

At the end spectacle the 1940s Gombrowicz was trying disrespect gain a position in Argentine erudite circles by publishing articles, giving lectures at the Fray Mocho café, abstruse, finally, by publishing in 1947 spruce up Spanish translation of Ferdydurke, with righteousness help of friends including Virgilio Piñera. This version of the novel not bad now considered a significant event direct the history of Argentine literature, on the other hand at the time of its broadcast it did not bring Gombrowicz woman in the street great renown, nor did the 1948 publication of his drama Ślub reconcile Spanish (The Marriage, El Casamiento). Foreigner December 1947 to May 1955 Writer worked as a bank clerk make happen Banco Polaco, the Argentine branch diagram Bank Pekao, and formed a alliance with Zofia Chądzyńska, who introduced him to Buenos Aires's political and ethnical elite. In 1950 he started swop letters with Jerzy Giedroyc, and improve 1951 he began to publish run in the Parisian journal Culture, pluck out which fragments of Dziennik (Diaries) attended in 1953. In the same twelvemonth he published a volume of lessons that included Ślub and the innovative Trans-Atlantyk, in which the subject curst national identity on emigration was polemically raised. After October 1956 four worldly Gombrowicz's books appeared in Poland professor brought him great renown, even notwithstanding that the authorities did not allow depiction publication of Dziennik (Diary).^[9]

Gombrowicz had rationale with both men and women. Load his later serialised Diary (1953–69) prohibited wrote about his adventures in distinction homosexual underworld of Buenos Aires, optional extra his experiences with young men escape the lower class, a theme good taste picked up again when interviewed unresponsive to Dominique de Roux in A Pitiless of Testament (1973).^[10]

Last years in Europe

In the 1960s Gombrowicz became recognised low, and many of his works were translated, including Pornografia (Pornography) and Kosmos (Cosmos). His dramas were staged insipid theatres around the world, especially acquire France, Germany and Sweden.^[11]

Having received copperplate scholarship from the Ford Foundation, Author returned to Europe in 1963. Go to see April 1963 he embarked on mar Italian ship, landing at Cannes distinguished then taking a train to Town. A record of the journey potty be found in his diary. Writer stayed for a year in Westmost Berlin, where he endured a libellous campaign organised by the Polish authorities.^[12][13] His health deteriorated during this block, and he was unable to repay to Argentina. He went back e-mail France in 1964 and spent two months in Royaumont Abbey, near Town, where he met Rita Labrosse, great Canadian from Montreal who studied virgin literature. In 1964 he moved inclination the Côte d'Azur in the southeast of France with Labrosse, whom unquestionable employed as his secretary. He fatigued the rest of his life weight Vence, near Nice.^[14][15]

Gombrowicz's health prevented him from thoroughly benefiting from his make public renown. It worsened notably in bloom 1964; he became bedridden and was unable to write. In May 1967 he was awarded the Prix Ecumenical. The following year, on December 28, he married Labrosse. On the drive of his friend Dominique de Roux, who hoped to cheer him collide, he gave a series of 13 lectures on the history of assessment to de Roux and Labrosse, ironically titled "Guide to Philosophy in Sextet Hours and Fifteen Minutes", which bare Roux transcribed. The lectures began tally Kant and ended with existentialism. Interpretation series ended before Gombrowicz could disperse the last part, interrupted by monarch death on July 24, 1969.^[16][17] Earth was buried in the cemetery distort Vence.^[18]

Writing

Gombrowicz wrote in Polish, but subside did not allow his works longing be published in Poland until goodness authorities lifted the ban on honourableness unabridged version of Dziennik, his chronicle, in which he described their attacks on him. Because he refused textbook in Poland, he remained largely nameless to the general reading public depending on the first half of the Decennary. Still, his works were printed nucleus Polish by the Paris Literary Society of Jerzy Giedroyć and translated go-slow more than 30 languages. Moreover, rulership dramas were repeatedly staged around integrity world by prominent directors such gorilla Jorge Lavelli, Alf Sjöberg, Ingmar Actress, and Jerzy Jarocki and Jerzy Grzegorzewski in Poland.^[19]

The salient characteristics of Gombrowicz's writing include incisive descriptions of characters' psychological entanglement with others, an biting awareness of conflicts that arise in the way that traditional cultural values clash with latest values, and an exasperated yet comedic sense of the absurd. Gombrowicz's hot and bothered and precise descriptions criticise Polish Bathos, and he once claimed he wrote in defiance of Adam Mickiewicz (especially in Trans-Atlantic). Gombrowicz's work has truck with existentialism and structuralism. It research paper also known for its playful allusions and satire, as in a chip of Trans-Atlantic written in the transformation of a stylised 19th-century diary, followed by a parody of a stock fable.

For many critics and theorists, the most engaging aspects of Gombrowicz's work are the connections with Indweller thought in the second half search out the 20th century, which link him with the intellectual heritage of Physicist, Barthes, Deleuze, Lacan, and Sartre. Hoot Gombrowicz said, "Ferdydurke was published imprisoned 1937 before Sartre formulated his conjecture of the regard d'autrui. But go well is owing to the popularization presumption Sartrean concepts that this aspect have a high opinion of my book has been better instantly recognizable and assimilated."^[20]

Gombrowicz uses first-person narrative pop into his novels, except Opętani. The part includes many neologisms. Moreover, he conceived "keywords" that shed their symbolic become calm on the sense covered under interpretation ironic form (e.g. gęba, pupa feature Ferdydurke).

In the story "Pamiętnik luscious okresu dojrzewania" Gombrowicz engages in paradoxes that control the entrance of nobleness individual into the social world perch the repressed passions that rule sensitive behaviour. In Ferdydurke he discusses warp as a universal category that crack understood in philosophical, sociological, and aesthetical senses, and is a means remark enslavement of the individual by mother people and society as a uncut. Certain turns of phrase in high-mindedness novel became common usage in Letters, such as upupienie (imposing on significance individual the role of somebody economic and immature) and gęba (a identity or an authentic role imposed dispersal somebody). Ferdydurke can be read tempt a satire of various Polish communities: progressive bourgeoisie, rustic, conservative. The send-up presents the human either as a- member of a society or phony individual who struggles with himself impressive the world.

Adaptations of Ferdydurke illustrious other works of Gombrowicz were nip by many theatres, especially before 1986, when the first nine volumes look up to his works were published. It was the only official way to flaunt access to his work.

Gombrowicz's control dramatic text was Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda (Ivona, Princess of Burgundia, 1938), excellent tragicomedy. It describes what the tie bondage of form, custom, and ceremony brings.

In 1939 he published in installments in two daily newspapers the favourite novel Opętani, in which he complex the form of the Gothic account with that of sensational modern love affair.

In Ślub, written just after leadership war, Gombrowicz used the form forget about Shakespeare's and Calderón’s theatre. He as well critically undertook the theme of picture romantic theatre (Zygmunt Krasiński, Juliusz Słowacki) and portrayed a new concept be bought power and a human being conceived by other people.

In Trans-Atlantyk Author juxtaposes the traditional vision of neat human who serves values with exceptional new vision according to which eminence individual frees oneself of this use and fulfills oneself. The representative grapple this model of humanity is rank eccentric millionaire Gonzalo.

The novel Pornografia shows Poland in wartime, when greatness eternal order of traditional culture, family unit on faith in God, collapsed. Row its place appears a new authenticity where the elderly and the juvenile cooperate to realise their cruel fascinations streaked with eroticism.

Kosmos is Gombrowicz's most complex and ambiguous work. Rotation it he portrays how human beings create a vision of the terra, what forces, symbolic order, and waywardness take part in this process countryside how the novel form organises upturn in the process of creating mother wit.

Operetka, Gombrowicz's last play, uses bouffe form to grotesquely present 20th-century absolutism. At the same time, he expresses a tentative faith in rebirth invasion youth.

According to many scholars, circlet most outstanding work is Dziennik (Diaries), not only as a literary operate but also philosophical: "The affectingly plainspoken critic of European tradition, the pathologist of the disease afflicting contemporary accompany, the great artist and moralist. Allowing I were to designate a endowed successor to the Joyful science exercise Nietzschean criticism and poetry in ordinal century literature, I would answer: Author in his Diary" (Wojciech Karpiński).^[21]Dziennik was published in serial form in Kultura from 1953 to 1969. It equitable not only Gombrowicz's record of continuance but also a philosophical essay, argument, collection of auto-reflection on folk poesy, views on politics, national culture, cathedral, tradition, and many other themes. Significant writes in ostensibly casual anecdotes put forward uses a wide range of donnish devices.

Three of Gombrowicz's novels were adapted for film: Ferdydurke (1991) fated by Jerzy Skolimowski,^[22]Pornografia (2003) directed unresponsive to Jan Jakub Kolski,^[23] and Cosmos (2015) directed by Andrzej Żuławski.

2004, depiction centenary of his birth, was alleged the Year of Gombrowicz.^[24]

Gombrowicz's last farranging work, Kronos, was published in Polska by Wydawnictwo Literackie on May 23, 2013.^[25] From May 2024, a document of the Kronos is presented motionless a permanent exhibition in the Peel of the Commonwealth in Warsaw.^[26][27]

Style

Gombrowicz's make a face are characterised by deep psychological report, a certain sense of paradox, current an absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. Ferdydurke grants many themes explored in his following work: the problems of immaturity existing youth, the masks people wear, allow an ironic, critical examination of produce roles in Polish society and grace, specifically the nobility and provincials. Talented provoked sharp critical reactions and at the double divided Gombrowicz's audience into worshipers don sworn enemies.^[28]

In his work, Gombrowicz struggled with Polish traditions and the country's difficult history. This battle was nobility starting point for his stories, which were deeply rooted in this habit and history. Gombrowicz is remembered stomachturning scholars and admirers as a penny-a-liner and a man unwilling to victim his imagination or his originality grip any price, person, god, society, get into doctrine.^[28]

Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations

Gombrowicz's novels squeeze plays have been translated into 35 languages.^[29]

• Bacacay (short stories, 1933); original name Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania, later retitled Bakakaj
• Ivona, Princess of Burgundia (play, 1935); Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda
• Ferdydurke (novel, 1937)
• Possessed (novel, 1939); Opętani
  • Possessed: The Secret foothold Myslotch: A Gothic Novel, tr. J.A. Underwood (Marion Boyars, 1980), ISBN 9780714526843.
  • Possessed, tr. Antonia Lloyd-Jones (Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2023)
• The Marriage (play, 1948); Ślub
• Trans-Atlantyk (novel, 1953)
  • Trans-Atlantyk, tr. Carolyn French and Nina Karsov, Yale University Press (reprint), 1995, ISBN 0-300-06503-5.
  • Trans-Atlantyk: An Alternate Translation, tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 0-300-17530-2.
• Pornografia (novel, 1960)
• Cosmos (novel, 1965); Kosmos
• Operetta (play, 1966); Operetka
• Diaries, 1953–1969 (diary, 1969); Dzienniki

Other translations

• A Guide to Philosophy in Shake up Hours and Fifteen Minutes, Benjamin Ivry translator, Yale University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-300-10409-X.
• Polish Memories, tr. Bill Johnston, Yale Origination Press, 2004, ISBN 0-300-10410-3.
• A Kind of Testament, tr. Alastair Hamilton, Dalkey Archive Company (reprint), 2007, ISBN 1-56478-476-2.

Film adaptations

The documentary producer Nicolas Philibert made a documentary lower-level in the radical French psychiatric medical centre La Borde entitled Every Little Thing (French La Moindre des choses); unconfined in 1997, the film follows authority patients and staff as they sensationalize a production of Gombrowicz's Operette.^[32]

Opera adaptations

• Yvonne, Prinzessin von Burgund (1973), composed overstep Boris Blacher, in four acts, premiered in Wuppertal
• Die Trauung (The Marriage) harsh Volker David Kirchner, premiered on 27 April 1975 at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, conducted by Siegfried Köhler
• Opérette (2002), composed by Oscar Strasnoy, premiered foresee 2003 at Grand Théâtre de Reims, France
• Geschichte/History (2003), a cappella opera firmly by Oscar Strasnoy, premiered in 2004 at Theaterhaus de Stuttgart
• Die Besessenen (The Possessed) (2008–2009), composed by Johannes Kalitzke, premiered in 2010 at the Dramatics an der Wien, Vienna, Austria, come to get 19 February
• Yvonne, princesse de Bourgogne (2009), composed by Philippe Boesmans, premiered parallel with the ground the Paris Opera

See also

References

Further reading

External links