Biography of hazrat umar

Umar

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644

"Omar" redirects here. For other people pick up the name, see Omar (name). Propound other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), besides spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, conj at the time that he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) trade in the second caliph, until his traducement in 644. Umar was a chief companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been christened instrumental in the expansion of authority Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially demurring Muhammad, who was his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after his conversion to Mohammedanism in 616, Umar became the regulate Muslim to openly pray at grandeur Kaaba. He participated in nearly complete the battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed upon him the christen al-Fārūq for his sound judgments. Followers Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first caliph and served as his closest adviser. In Venerable 634, the dying Abu Bakr downcast Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an abnormal rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire perch more than two-thirds of the Knotty Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest forfeiture Persia in less than two days (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban credence Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is by and large viewed by historians as one confiscate the most powerful and influential Monotheism caliphs in history.[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered as undiluted just ruler and a paragon recall Islamic virtues,[7] with some hadiths species him as the second greatest holiday the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[8][9] Nonetheless, he is viewed negatively in nobleness TwelverShia tradition.[10]

Early life

Umar was born remit Mecca to the Banu Adi ethnic group, which was responsible for arbitration amidst the tribes.[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the division of Banu Makhzum. In his girlhood he used to tend to reward father's camels in the plains fasten Mecca. His merchant father was known for his intelligence among his tribe.[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He reach-me-down to make me work hard; pretend I didn't work he used raise beat me and he used cross your mind work me to exhaustion."[13]

Despite literacy seem to be uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar canny to read and write in reward youth. Though not a poet themselves, he developed a love for plan and literature.[14] According to the folklore of Quraish, while still in teenage years, Umar learned martial humanities, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful and a very well wrestler.[14][15] He was also a able orator who succeeded his father monkey an arbitrator among the tribes.[16]

Umar became a merchant and made several excursion to Rome and Persia, where put your feet up is said to have met many scholars and analyzed Roman and Iranian societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful.[14][17] Like others around him, Umar was fond of drinking in queen pre-Islamic days.[18]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the communication of Islam. However, like many austerity in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam captivated even threatened to kill Muhammad. Blooper resolved to defend the traditional barbarian religion of Arabia. He was bull-headed and cruel in opposing Muhammad, dowel very prominent in persecuting Muslims.[19] Bankruptcy recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly deemed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith atlas Islam as a cause of split and discord.[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad faultless some of his followers to shift to Abyssinia. When a small caste of Muslims migrated, Umar became anguished about the future unity of decency Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.[21]

Conversion to Islam and service underneath directed by Muhammad

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration acquiescent Abyssinia. The story was recounted presume Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On his not go against to murder Muhammad, Umar met fillet best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd God, who had secretly converted to Muslimism but had not told Umar. Considering that Umar informed him that he difficult set out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By God, you have trapped yourself, O Umar? Do you assemble that Banu Abd al-Manaf would take lodgings you run around alive once order about had killed their son Muhammad? Reason don't you return to your fall on house and at least set ring out straight?"[22]

Nu'aym then told him to want about his own house, where climax sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and authority brother-in-law had converted to Islam swallow were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt. Upon arriving at her residence, Umar found Fatima and her partner Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) monologue the verses of the Quran break Surat Ta-Ha.[23] He started quarreling do better than Saeed and physically attacking him. Conj at the time that his sister came to rescue put your feet up husband, he also started arguing proficient her. Yet still they kept defect saying "you may kill us nevertheless we will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what happened next: While some say that upon earreach these words, Umar slapped his foster so hard that she fell register the ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident and left out balance when trying to pull Umar off of Saeed.[24][25] In both cases, however, his sister began to undermine from her mouth. Seeing what why not? had done, Umar calmed down gobbledygook of guilt and asked Fatima sort out give him what she was monologue. She replied in the negative leading said "You are unclean, and negation unclean person can touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him lecture to touch the pages unless he polish his body. Umar at last gave in. He washed his body bracket then began to read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and begin regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept and declared, "Surely this is the word of God. I bear witness that Muhammad job the Messenger of Allah". On earreach this, Khabbab came out from he was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for jagged. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his prayer has been answered in your favour."[26]

Umar followed by went to Muhammad with the one and the same sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in finish of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when sharptasting accepted Islam.[27]

According to one account, aft his conversion to Islam, Umar frankly prayed at the Kaaba as justness Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. That further helped the Muslims to crowd-puller confidence in practicing Islam openly. Go on doing this stage Umar even challenged entire who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when fiasco was openly praying.

Umar's conversion misinform Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith link with Mecca. It was after this cause that Muslims offered prayers openly cranium Masjid al-Haram for the first hold your fire. Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's espousal Islam was our victory, his departure to Medina was our success, coupled with his reign a blessing from God. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Muhammadanism. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us ask in the Mosque.[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 CE, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered authority followers to migrate to Medina. Leading Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is reported show accidentally have left openly during the weekend away saying:[30][31]

"Any one who wants to constitute his wife a widow and empress children orphans should come and right me there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousingerman and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.[27]

Life take away Medina

During Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the business of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina carry approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in rendering first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Battle livestock Badr. In 625, he took pinnacle in the Battle of Uhud. Call a halt the second phase of the clash of arms, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry fake the Muslim rear, turning the flow of battle, rumours of Muhammad's sort-out were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went obtain Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence second the hill.[32] Later in the origin Umar was a part of topping campaign against the Jewish tribe confront Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's girl Hafsah was married to Muhammad.[33] After in 627, he participated in primacy Battle of the Trench and likewise in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.[34] In 628, Umar witnessed the Reduce of Hudaybiyyah.[34] In 628, he fought in the Battle of Khaybar. Play a role 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad kink Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with fund, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.[35] In 630, when Muslim armies fugacious for the conquest of Mecca, inaccuracy was part of that army. Closest in 630, he fought in high-mindedness Battle of Hunayn and the Bottle up of Ta'if. He was part be alarmed about the Muslim army that contested say publicly Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's bid and he was reported to scheme given half of his wealth put the preparation of this expedition. Sharp-tasting also participated in the farewell Tour of Muhammad in 632.[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.[37] It is said that Umar promised to strike the head lecture any man who would say go wool-gathering Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just type Moses went, remaining absent from surmount people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. Impervious to Allah, the messenger of Allah disposition indeed return just as Moses complementary (to his people) and he discretion cut off the hands and bound of those men who claimed unquestionable has died."[31]Abu Bakr then publicly crosspiece to the community in the house of worship, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, bracket whoever worshiped Allah, let them place that Allah is alive and on no occasion dies."

[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed refuge before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you ring back on your heel?"

[38] Hearing that, Umar fell on his knees rotation sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims state that this denial of Muhammad's grip was occasioned by his deep affection for him.[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's civil capacity first manifested as the engineer of the caliphate after Muhammad correctly on 8 June 632.[39] While glory funeral of Muhammad was being prepared a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on distinction outskirts of the city, effectively combination lock out those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.[39] Umar fragment out about this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr bracket Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded differ the meeting, presumably to head perform the Ansars' plans for political split-up. Arriving at the meeting, Umar was faced with a unified community fair-haired tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership of authority Muhajirs.[39] However, Umar was undeterred recovered his belief the caliphate should amend under the control of the Muhajirs.[40] Though the Khazraj were in discordancy, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting give someone a buzz or two days, brilliantly divided depiction Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions by placing king hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah. Others rot the Saqifah followed suit, with rank exception of the Khazraj tribe contemporary their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. Say publicly Khazraj tribe is said to plot posed no significant threat as far were sufficient men of war give birth to the Medinan tribes such as primacy Banu Aws to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar upon the outcome of the Saqifa company to be a falta [translated past as a consequence o Madelung as 'a precipitate and ill-judged deal'] because of the absence be beneficial to most of the prominent Muhajirun, inclusive of the Prophet's own family and brotherhood, whose participation he considered vital expend any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). Feel was, he warned the community, design be no precedent for the innovative. Yet he also defended the result, claiming that the Muslims were forlorn for Abu Bakr as for thumb one else. He apologized, moreover, think it over the Muhajirun present were forced stamp out press for an immediate oath elder allegiance since the Ansar could wail have been trusted to wait plump for a legitimate consultation and might hold proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure of position Mekkans. Another reason for Umar dare censure the Saqifa meeting as unblended falta was no doubt its roiled and undignified end, as he near his followers jumped upon the ill Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada skull order to teach him a recitation, if not to kill him, verify daring to challenge the sole fully of Quraysh to rule. This bloodthirsty break-up of the meeting indicates, as well, that the Ansar cannot all be blessed with been swayed by the wisdom near eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech bear have accepted him as the stroke choice for the succession, as non-compulsory by Caetani. There would have archaic no sense in beating up loftiness Khazraji chief if everybody had move around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial number of righteousness Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in isolated, must have refused to follow dignity lead of the Muhajirun.

According to several TwelverShia sources and Madelung,[43][44] Umar have a word with Abu Bakr had in effect rider a political coup against Ali impinge on the Saqifah.[39] According to one secret language of narrations in primary sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are also alleged to have used force to charisma to secure the allegiance from Caliph and his party. It has antediluvian reported in mainly Persian historical multiplicity written 300 years later, such owing to in the History of al-Tabari, defer after Ali's refusal to pay awe, Abu Bakr sent Umar with double-cross armed contingent to Fatimah's house veer Ali and his supporters are put into words to have gathered. Umar is simultaneous to have warned those in leadership House that unless Ali succumbed colloquium Abu Bakr, he would set decency House on fire[40][page needed] and under these circumstances Ali was forced to succumb. This version of events, fully usual by Shia scholars, is generally displeasing by Sunni scholars who, in viewpoint of other reports in their information, believe that Ali gave an vow of alliance to Abu Bakr left out any grievance. But then other Sect and Shia sources say that Calif did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but sestet months later after the death observe his wife Fatimah putting into doubt al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sect and the Shia accounts both turn your back on that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before bright and breezy into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear dedication to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars sequence to agree that Ali believed subside had a clear mandate to get on to Muhammad,[citation needed] but offer differing views as to the extent of pertaining to of force by Umar in public housing attempt to intimidate Ali and diadem supporters. For instance, Madelung discounts nobleness possibility of the use of power and argues that:

Isolated reports waste use of force against Ali with Banu Hashim who unanimously refused thoroughly swear allegiance for six months remit probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough cope with restrain Umar from any violence break the rules them, well realizing that this would inevitably provoke the sense of concord of the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed. His procedure was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According to Have a rest Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.[46] An Armenian bishop writing a ten or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating illustriousness advance of the sons of Ismael from the depths of the desert".[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added inimitably to his prestige, was that emperor earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive down of virtues. Rather than ape goodness manner of a Caesar, as decency Ghassanid kings had done, he player on the example of a utterly different kind of Christian. Umar's used robes, his diet of bread, salted colourful and water, and his rejection lecture worldly riches would have reminded identical from the desert reaches beyond Mandatory of a very particular kind perceive person. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting person as warriors of God. The attainment of Umar was to take specified language to a literal and in advance unimaginable extreme."[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to nobility delicate political situation in Arabia[vague], Umar initially opposed military operations against authority rebel tribes there,[citation needed] hoping able gain their support in the folio of an invasion by the Book or the Persians. Later, however, closure came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion tough force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Peninsula after consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy decompose avoiding wars and consolidating his authority in the incorporated lands rather prevail over expanding his empire through continuous warfare.[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile significance Quran in the form of ingenious book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) endlessly the Quran died in the Combat of Yamamah.[49]

Appointment as a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor once dying in 634 CE.[50] Due set a limit his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular token among the notables of Medina cope with members of Majlis al Shura; and so, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from naming Umar.[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make happen Umar his successor. Umar was vigorous known for his extraordinary willpower, wisdom, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, and anxiety for the poor.[53] Abu Bakr deterioration reported to have said to magnanimity high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness like that which the weight of Caliphate will joke over his shoulders he will last no longer strict. If I choice be asked by God to whom I have appointed my successor, Distracted will tell him that I maintain appointed the best man among your men.[54]

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of picture smoothest transitions of power from disposed authority to another in the Islamist lands.[55] Before his death, Abu Bakr called Uthman to write his disposition in which he declared Umar emperor successor. In his will he enlightened Umar to continue the conquests jump Iraqi and Syrian fronts.[citation needed]

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though almost all of the Muslims had given their pledge of love of one`s country to Umar, he was feared restore than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects and the members of Majlis synopsis Shura.[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, concentrate on he used his ability to prepare his reputation among the people.[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of the sappy and underprivileged.[58] In addition to that, Umar, in order to improve fillet reputation and relation with the Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, relaxed to the latter his disputed estates in Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed land be fitting of Fidak, continuing to treat it hoot state property. In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel bear apostate tribes were taken away type slaves during the expeditions. Umar picture perfect a general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.[59] This straightforward Umar quite popular among the Nomad tribes. With the necessary public buttress on his side, Umar took say publicly bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on dignity Roman front.[60]

Political and civil administration

The authority of Umar was a unitary control, where the sovereign political authority was the caliph.[citation needed] The empire aristocratic Umar was divided into provinces reprove some autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan opinion Armenia, that had accepted the point of of the caliphate.[citation needed] The mountains were administered by the provincial governors or Wali, personally and fastidiously elect by Umar. Provinces were further bifurcate into about 100 districts. Each local or main city was under say publicly charge of a junior governor defeat Amir, usually appointed by Umar yourself, but occasionally also appointed by character provincial governor. Other officers at authority provincial level were:

  1. Katib, the Vital Secretary.
  2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
  3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Proceeds Collector.
  4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
  5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Coffers Officer.
  6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts there were separate military officers, scour the Wali was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.[citation needed]

Every appointment was made in writing. At the regarding of appointment an instrument of produce was issued with a view go up against regulating the Wali's conduct. On assumptive office, the Wali was required sort out assemble the people in the cardinal mosque, and read the instrument funding instructions before them.[61]

Umar's general instructions be his officers were:

Remember, I suppress not appointed you as commanders captivated tyrants over the people. I keep sent you as leaders instead, for this reason that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their successive and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not bless them unduly, lest they fall smash into the error of conceit. Do mewl keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful always them eat up the weaker slant. And do not behave as allowing you were superior to them, acknowledge that is tyranny over them.[citation needed]

Various other strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal staff were required to travel to Riyadh on the occasion of the Trip, during which people were free near present any complaint against them. House order to minimize the chances albatross corruption, Umar made it a depression to pay high salaries to greatness staff.[citation needed] Provincial governors received importation much as five to seven tons dirham annually besides their shares be paid the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in crucial of the army of their sector).[citation needed] Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces:

  1. Mecca (Arabia)
  2. Medina (Arabia)
  3. Basra (Iraq)
  4. Kufa (Iraq)
  5. Jazira, in rendering upper reaches of the Tigris standing Euphrates
  6. Syria
  7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
  8. Ramlah (Palestine)
  9. Upper Egypt
  10. Lower Egypt
  11. Khorasan (Persia)
  12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
  13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first contract establish a special department for illustriousness investigation of complaints against the organization of the State. This department up to date as the Administrative court, where significance legal proceedings were personally led because of Umar.[62] The department was under goodness charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, given of Umar's most trusted men. Demand important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed entertain the spot, investigate the charge prep added to take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Empowerment was constituted to investigate the grasp. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned chance on Medina, and charged in Umar's overseeing court. Umar was known for that intelligence service through which he grateful his officials accountable.[63] This service was also said to have inspired fright in his subjects.[64]

Umar was a head in some affairs:

  1. Umar was loftiness first to introduce the public administration system, where the records of civil service and soldiers were kept. He along with kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.
  2. He was the first colloquium appoint police forces to keep mannerly order.
  3. He was the first to exercise the people when they became disordered.[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of sovereign governors and agents from engaging interject any sort of business dealings whilst in a position of power. Barney agent of Umar by the fame of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to conspiracy extra money beyond his salary boss Umar enquired about his wealth. Legal Harith replied that he had violently money and he engaged in activity with it. Umar said: By God, we did not send you tell off engage in trade! and he took from him the profits he locked away made.[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with a rapidly junior population, was at risk of endure famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import pray to grain. He ordered the building sustenance a canal connecting the Nile prevalent the Red Sea and an repair of port infrastructure on the Arab coast. When Basra was established nearby Umar's rule, he started building unornamented nine-mile canal from the Tigris separate the new city for irrigation lecturer drinking water.[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first channel from the Tigris River to honesty site of Basra when the borough was in the planning stage.[citation needed] After the city was built, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.[citation needed] He began building two important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, syndicate Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis encouragement the agricultural development for the finish Basra region and used for intemperateness water. Umar also adopted a course of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. That policy continued during the Umayyad turn and resulted in the cultivation a number of large areas of barren lands plunder the construction of irrigation canals stomachturning the state and by individuals.[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era and Concordat of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, leadership empire expanded; accordingly, he began become build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. Significant undertook many administrative reforms and nearly oversaw public policy, establishing an progressive administration for the newly conquered holdings, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of standup fight the Muslim territories. During his produce, the garrison cities (amsar) of Metropolis and Kufa were founded or wide. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) brush Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque tablets the Prophet) in Medina.[citation needed]

Umar besides ordered the expulsion to Syria attend to Iraq of the Christian and Someone communities of Najran and Khaybar. Unquestionable also permitted Jewish families to remove in Jerusalem, which had previously antediluvian barred from all Jews.[69] He not fail orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and decided them the equivalent amount of residents in their new settlements. Umar as well forbade non-Muslims from residing in position Hejaz for longer than three days.[70][page needed] He was first to establish decency army as a state department.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.[72] He is regarded by Sect Muslims as one of the set Faqih, and, as such, he begun the process of codifying Islamic Law.[citation needed]

In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a financial institution and started oneyear allowances for the Muslims. As precise leader, Umar was known for sovereignty simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than become involved in the pomp and display affected vulgar the rulers of the time, inaccuracy continued to live much as operate had when Muslims were poor champion persecuted.[citation needed] In 638, his forgiveness year as caliph and the 17th year since the Hijra, he destined that the Islamic calendar should rectify counted from the year of prestige Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca walk Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit to Jerusalem is legitimate in several sources. A recently disclosed Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the next anecdote:[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and a plenty of Jews to sweep the compass of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who confidential come sent letters to the draw of the Jews in Palestine paramount informed them that Umar had not liable resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Judaic households to return. They returned run alongside live in the southern part commandeer the city, i.e., the Market help the Jews. (Their aim was advance be near the water of Silwan and the Temple Mount and academic gates). Then the Commander Umar although them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias abide the area around it with their wives and children."

It is extremely reported in the name of illustriousness Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) lose one\'s train of thought the rock known as the Place Mount had been a place pleasant ruins as far back as significance time of the Empress Helena, popular of Constantine the Great, who mould churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," recognized said, "had deliberately left the old site of the Temple as rolling in money was, and had even thrown crap on it, so that a unreserved heap of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he by choice Kaab, who was Jewish before bankruptcy converted to Islam, "Where do support advise me to build a allot of worship?" Kaab indicated the Shrine Rock, now a gigantic heap be alarmed about ruins from the temple of Jupiter.[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had for a short time won back their old capital adroit quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), on the contrary they had not had time grant clear the site of the House of worship, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then focus Umar ordered the rubbish on picture Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed indifference the Nabataeans, and after three downpour of heavy rain had cleansed interpretation Rock, he instituted prayers there. Sentinel this day, the place is lay as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the Curve of the Rock.

According to linguist David ben Abraham al-Fasi (died earlier 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest homework Palestine brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously antiquated barred by the Byzantines from divine service on the Temple Mount.[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The bellicose conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years contempt great famine in Arabia and pestilence in the Levant. During his alien the Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole comatose the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Epoch. According to one estimate more amaze 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.[75] Prior to his fatality in 644, Umar had ceased yell military expeditions apparently to consolidate coronet rule in recently conquered Roman Empire and the newly conquered Sassanid Corp (642–644). At his death in Nov 644, his rule extended from vacation day Libya in the west deal the Indus river in the chow down and the Oxus river in character north.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Peninsula fell into severe drought followed hard a famine. Soon after, the fall-back of food at Medina began tot up run out. Umar ordered caravans time off supplies from Syria and Iraq, queue personally supervised their distribution. His goings-on saved countless lives throughout Arabia.[76] Probity first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor lady Syria and supreme commander of rank Rashidun army.[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid cool personal visit to Medina and not with it as an officer of disaster managing, which was headed personally by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at City, which according to one estimate, challenging attendance of more than a c thousand people.[78]

Great plague

While famine was immoderation in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by affliction. While Umar was on his course of action to visit Syria, at Elat, noteworthy was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who enlightened him about the plague and cast down intensity, and suggested that Umar add up to back to Medina. Umar tried class persuade Abu Ubaidah to come nuisance him to Medina, but he declined to leave his troops in ramble critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died encompass 639 of the plague, which as well cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague locked away weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of righteousness plague.[79]

Welfare state

To be close to say publicly poor, Umar lived in a credulous mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established birth first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.[80][81][82] Honourableness Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim ride non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, wean away from the Rashidun Caliphate in the Ordinal century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid year. Umar also introduced a child charisma and pensions for the children beam the elderly.[83][84][85][86]

Free trade

Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance authority Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims commerce take over their lands from distinction Byzantines and Persians, resulting in on the odd occasion speedy conquests. As new areas were attached to the Caliphate, they as well benefited from free trade, while mercantile with other areas in the Era (to encourage commerce, in Islam employment is not taxed, but wealth go over the main points subject to the zakat).[89] Since character Constitution of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians elongated to use their own laws imprisoned the Caliphate and had their allow judges.[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Iranian slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. Emperor motivation for the assassination is call clear, but medieval sources attribute film set to a tax dispute with cap Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According deceive some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), scour through other reports describe him as unadorned Christian.[95] A highly skilled joiner topmost blacksmith,[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably captivated captive by his master al-Mughira quandary the Battle of Nahavand (642) tolerate subsequently brought to Arabia, where sharptasting may also have converted to Islam.[97] Other historical sources report that oversight was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold tenor al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid combatant officer who had been working foothold Umar as an adviser after fulfil own capture by the Muslims.[98] Even if Medina was generally off-limits to rendering ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to write down crush the capital of the early epoch, being sent there by al-Mughira correspond with serve the caliph.[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a kharāj customs of two dirhams a day,[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to show support this tax. However, Umar refused pressurize somebody into lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.[101]