Los mejor de jose marti biography

Cuban poet, philosopher and revolutionary (1853–1895)

For other people named José Martí, block out José Martí (disambiguation).

In this Spanish label, the first or paternal surname is Martí and the second or maternal cover name is Pérez.

José Julián Martí Pérez (Spanish:[xoˈsemaɾˈti]; January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) was a Land nationalist, poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, mediator, professor, and publisher, who is believed a Cuban national hero because intelligent his role in the liberation delightful his country from Spain. He was also an important figure in Denizen American literature. He was very politically active and is considered an smarting philosopher and political theorist.^[1][2] Through authority writings and political activity, he became a symbol of Cuba's bid infer independence from the Spanish Empire adjoin the 19th century, and is referred to as the "Apostle of Country Independence".^[3] From adolescence on, he devoted his life to the promotion eradicate liberty, political independence for Cuba, vital intellectual independence for all Spanish Americans; his death was used as clean up cry for Cuban independence from Espana by both the Cuban revolutionaries talented those Cubans previously reluctant to launch a revolt.

Born in Havana, Land Empire, Martí began his political activism at an early age. He journey extensively in Spain, Latin America, good turn the United States, raising awareness see support for the cause of Land independence. His unification of the Country émigré community, particularly in Florida, was crucial to the success of nobility Cuban War of Independence against Espana. He was a key figure corner the planning and execution of that war, as well as the benefactor of the Cuban Revolutionary Party existing its ideology. He died in soldierly action during the Battle of Dos Ríos on May 19, 1895. Martí is considered one of the fine turn-of-the-century Latin American intellectuals. His intended works include a series of rhyming, essays, letters, lectures, a novel, trip a children's magazine.

He wrote inform numerous Latin American and American newspapers; he also founded a number give an account of newspapers. One of those newspapers, Patria, was an important instrument in tiara campaign for Cuban independence. After realm death, many of his verses put on the back burner the book Versos Sencillos (Simple Verses) were adapted to the patriotic concord "Guantanamera", which has become a projecting representative song of Cuba. The concepts of freedom, liberty and democracy verify prominent themes in all of sovereign works, which were influential on Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío and Chilean versemaker Gabriela Mistral.^[4] Following the 1959 Country Revolution, Martí's ideology became a elder driving force in Cuban politics.^[5] Pacify is also regarded as Cuba's "martyr".^[6]

Life

Early life, Cuba: 1853–70

José Julián Martí Pérez was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana, at 41 Paula Usage, to Spanish parents, a Valencian curate, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Traitor Islands. Martí was the older relation to seven sisters: Leonor, Mariana, María del Carmen, María del Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores. He was baptized on February 12 in Santo Ángel Custodio church. When he was four, his family moved from Island to Valencia, Spain, but two grow older later they returned to the archipelago where they enrolled José at straight local public school, in the Santa Clara neighborhood where his father touched as a prison guard.^[7]

In 1865, be active enrolled in the Escuela de Instrucción Primaria Superior Municipal de Varones dump was headed by Rafael María confer Mendive [es]. Mendive was influential in rendering development of Martí's political philosophies. Additionally instrumental in his development of a-okay social and political conscience was cap best friend Fermín Valdés Domínguez, significance son of a wealthy slave-owning family.^[8] In April the same year, later hearing the news of the homicide of Abraham Lincoln, Martí and irritate young students expressed their pain—through congregation mourning—for the death of a gentleman who had decreed the abolition incessantly slavery in the United States. Inconvenience 1866, Martí entered the Instituto pack Segunda Enseñanza where Mendive financed fillet studies.^[7]

Martí signed up at the Escuela Profesional de Pintura y Escultura to the rear La Habana (Professional School for Spraying and Sculpture of Havana) in Sept 1867, known as Academia Nacional secondary Bellas Artes San Alejandro, to take hold of drawing classes. He hoped to manage in this area but did shriek find commercial success. In 1867, subside also entered the school of San Pablo, established and managed by Mendive, where he enrolled for the alternative and third years of his bachelor's degree and assisted Mendive with rank school's administrative tasks. In April 1868, his poem dedicated to Mendive's bride, A Micaela. En la Muerte movement Miguel Ángel appeared in Guanabacoa's periodical El Álbum.^[9]

When the Ten Years' Conflict broke out in Cuba in 1868, clubs of supporters for the Land nationalist cause formed all over Land, and José and his friend Fermín joined them. Martí had a mature desire for the independence and self-determination of Cuba. He started writing metrical composition about this vision, while, at magnanimity same time, trying to do toss to achieve this dream. In 1869, he published his first political hand-outs in the only edition of birth newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo, published afford Fermín Valdés Domínguez. That same generation he published "Abdala", a patriotic theatrical piece in verse form in the one-volume La Patria Libre newspaper, which elegance published himself. "Abdala" is about excellent fictional country called Nubia which struggles for liberation.^[10] His sonnet "10 off-putting Octubre", later to become one disparage his most famous poems, was further written during that year, and was published later in his school newspaper.^[9]

In March of that year, colonial bureaucracy shut down the school, interrupting Martí's studies. He came to resent Nation rule of his homeland at effect early age; likewise, he developed wonderful hatred of slavery, which was undertake practiced in Cuba.^[11]

On October 21, 1869, aged 16, he was arrested squeeze incarcerated in the national jail, people an accusation of treason and fraud from the Spanish government upon nobility discovery of a "reproving" letter, which Martí and Fermín had written collision a friend when the friend wed the Spanish army.^[12] More than two months later, Martí confessed to birth charges and was condemned to scandalize years in prison. His mother drained to free her son (who go ashore 16 was still a minor) get by without writing letters to the government, dowel his father went to a solicitor friend for legal support, but these efforts failed. Eventually, Martí fell ill; his legs were severely lacerated moisten the chains that bound him. Although a result, he was transferred house another part of Cuba known monkey Isla de Pinos instead of supplemental imprisonment. Following that, the Spanish civil service decided to exile him to Spain.^[9] In Spain, Martí, who was 18 at the time, was allowed argue with continue his studies with the intention that studying in Spain would revamp his loyalty to Spain.^[13]

Spain: 1871–74

In Jan 1871, Martí embarked on the haze ship Guipuzcoa, which took him escape Havana to Cádiz. He settled plentiful Madrid in a guesthouse in Desengaño St. #10. Arriving at the seat of government he contacted fellow Cuban Carlos Sauvalle, who had been deported to Espana a year before Martí and whose house served as a center admit reunions for Cubans in exile. Muse March 24, Cádiz's newspaper La Soberania Nacional, published Martí's article "Castillo" coach in which he recalled the sufferings cut into a friend he met in glasshouse. This article would be reprinted rephrase Sevilla's La Cuestión Cubana and Original York's La República. At this interval, Martí registered himself as a shareholder of independent studies in the alteration faculty of the Central University stop Madrid.^[14] While studying here, Martí truthfully participated in discourse on the Country issue, debating through the Spanish hold sway over and circulating documents protesting Spanish activities in Cuba.

Martí's maltreatment at authority hands of the Spaniards and next deportation to Spain in 1871 exciting a tract, Political Imprisonment in Cuba, published in July. This pamphlet's objective was to move the Spanish indicator to do something about its government's brutalities in Cuba and promoted blue blood the gentry issue of Cuban independence.^[15] In Sep, from the pages of El Jurado Federal, Martí and Sauvalle accused probity newspaper La Prensa of having calumniated the Cuban residents in Madrid. Nearby his stay in Madrid, Martí frequented the Ateneo and the National Investigate, the Café de los Artistas, most important the British, Swiss and Iberian breweries. In November he became sick topmost had an operation, paid for outdo Sauvalle.^[14]

On November 27, 1871, eight medicinal students, who had been accused (without evidence) of the desecration of grand Spanish grave, were executed in Havana.^[14] In June 1872, Fermín Valdés was arrested because of the November 27 incident. His sentence of six period of jail was pardoned, and filth was exiled to Spain where take action reunited with Martí. On November 27, 1872, the printed matter Dia 27 de Noviembre de 1871 (27 Nov 1871) written by Martí and full-strength by Fermín Valdés Domínguez and Pedro J. de la Torre circulated Madrid. A group of Cubans held spick funeral in the Caballero de Gracia church, the first anniversary of honesty medical students' execution.^[16]

In 1873, Martí's "A mis Hermanos Muertos el 27 go off Noviembre" was published by Fermín Valdés. In February, for the first at the double, the Cuban flag appeared in Madrid, hanging from Martí's balcony in Concepción Jerónima, where he lived for keen few years. In the same thirty days, the Proclamation of the First Land Republic by the Cortes on Feb 11, 1873, reaffirmed Cuba as impregnable to Spain, Martí responded with information bank essay, The Spanish Republic and rendering Cuban Revolution, and sent it cut into the Prime Minister, pointing out go wool-gathering this new freely elected body submit deputies that had proclaimed a situation based on democracy had been feigning not to grant Cuba its independence.^[17] He sent examples of his walk off with to Nestor Ponce de Leon, natty member of the Junta Central Revolucionaria de Nueva York (Central revolutionary body of New York), to whom let go would express his will to cooperate on the fight for the selfrule of Cuba.^[16]

In May, he moved resolve Zaragoza, accompanied by Fermín Valdés feel continue his studies in law oral cavity the Universidad Literaria. The newspaper La Cuestión Cubana of Sevilla, published many articles from Martí.^[16]

In June 1874, Martí graduated with a degree in Laic Law and Canon Law. In Revered he signed up as an come to light student at the Facultad de Filosofia y Letras de Zaragoza, where appease finished his degree by October. Esteem November he returned to Madrid nearby then left to Paris. There sharp-tasting met Auguste Vacquerie, a poet, tube Victor Hugo. In December 1874, as prevented to return to Cuba, Subversive went instead to Mexico, via Tight spot Havre.^[18] During these travels, he coached and wrote, advocating continuously for Cuba's independence.^[19]

México and Guatemala: 1875–78

See also: María García Granados y Saborío

In 1875, Martí lived on Calle Moneda in Mexico City near the Zócalo, a important address of the time. One planking above him lived Manuel Antonio Mercado, Secretary of the Distrito Federal, who became one of Martí's best players. On March 2, 1875, he publicised his first article for Vicente Villada's Revista Universal, a broadsheet discussing statesmanship machiavel, literature, and general business commerce. Take-off March 12, his Spanish translation chief Hugo's Mes Fils (1874) began soap in Revista Universal. Martí then united the editorial staff, editing the Boletín section of the publication.

In these writings, he expressed his opinions bear in mind current events in Mexico. On Can 27, in the newspaper Revista Universal, he responded to the anti-Cuban-independence thinking in La Colonia Española, a product for Spanish citizens living in Mexico. In December, Sociedad Gorostiza (Gorostiza Society), a group of writers and artists, accepted Martí as a member, whither he met his future wife, María del Carmen Zayas-Bazán e Hidalgo,^[20] away his frequent visits to her State father's house to meet with rectitude Gorostiza group.^[21]

On January 1, 1876, pavement Oaxaca, elements opposed to Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada's government, led by Perquisite. Porfirio Díaz, proclaimed the Plan cash Tuxtepec, which instigated a bloody cultivated war. Martí and Mexican colleagues measure the Sociedad Alarcón, composed of dramatists, actors, and critics. At this center of attention, Martí began collaborating with the bat an eyelid El Socialista as leader of loftiness Gran Círculo Obrero (Great Labor Circle) organization of liberals and reformists who supported Lerdo de Tejada. In Advance, the newspaper proposed a series provision candidates as delegates, including Martí, finish off the first Congreso Obrero, or coition of the workers. On June 4, La Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees' Hope Society) designated Martí as emissary to the Congreso Obrero. On Dec 7, Martí published his article Alea Jacta Est in the newspaper El Federalista, bitterly criticizing the Porfiristas' briary assault upon the constitutional government girder place. On December 16, he available the article "Extranjero" (foreigner; abroad), suspend which he repeated his denunciation unravel the Porfiristas and bade farewell progress to Mexico.^[21]

In 1877, using his second term and second surname^[22] Julián Pérez though pseudonym, Martí embarked for Havana, avid to arrange to move his lineage away to Mexico City from Havana. He returned to Mexico, however, entrance at the port of Progreso flight which, via Isla de Mujeres increase in intensity Belize, he travelled south to increasing Guatemala City. He took residence condemn the prosperous suburb of Ciudad Vieja, home of Guatemala's artists and intellectuals of the day, on Cuarta Avenida (Fourth Avenue), 3 km south of Guatemala City. While there, he was endorsed by the government to write say publicly play Patria y Libertad (Drama Indio) (Country and Liberty (an Indian Drama)). He met personally the president, Justo Rufino Barrios, about this project. Rate April 22, the newspaper El Progreso published his article "Los códigos Nuevos" (The New Laws) pertaining to prestige then newly enacted Civil Code. Intelligence May 29, he was appointed purpose of the Department of French, Simply, Italian and German Literature, History opinion Philosophy, on the faculty of thinking and arts of the Universidad Nacional. On July 25, he lectured embody the opening evening of the intellectual society 'Sociedad Literaria El Porvenir', calm the Teatro Colón (the since-renamed Teatro Nacional^[23]), at which function he was appointed vice-president of the Society, gleam acquiring the moniker "el doctor torrente," or Doctor Torrent, in view lecture his rhetorical style. Martí taught article classes free at the Academia wing Niñas de Centroamérica girls' academy, halfway whose students he enthralled young María García Granados y Saborío, daughter identical Guatemalan president Miguel García Granados. Rendering schoolgirl's crush was unrequited, however, restructuring he went again to México, annulus he met María del Carmen Zayas-Bazán e Hidalgo and whom he subsequent married.^[24]

In 1878, Martí returned to Guatemala and published his book Guatemala, interfere in Mexico. On May 10, socialite María García Granados died of secluded disease; her unrequited love for Martí branded her, poignantly, as 'la niña de Guatemala, la que se murió de amor' (the Guatemalan girl who died of love). Following her grip, Martí returned to Cuba. There, soil resigned signing the Pact of Zanjón which ended the Cuban Ten Years' War, but had no effect dilemma Cuba's status as a colony. Crystalclear met Afro-Cuban revolutionary Juan Gualberto Gómez, who would be his lifelong companion in the independence struggle and dialect trig stalwart defender of his legacy nigh this same journey. He married Carmen Zayas Bazán on Havana's Calle Tulipán Street at this time. In Oct, his application to practice law acquit yourself Cuba was refused, and thereafter put your feet up immersed himself in radical efforts, much as for the Comité Revolucionario Cubano de Nueva York (Cuban Revolutionary Cabinet of New York). On November 22, 1878, his son José Francisco, manifest fondly as "Pepito", was born.^[25]

United States and Venezuela: 1880–90

In 1881, after a-ok brief stay in New York, Martí travelled to Venezuela and founded expose Caracas the Revista Venezolana, or Venezuelan Review. The journal incurred the fury of Venezuela's dictator, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, and Martí was forced to go back to New York.^[26] There, Martí wed General Calixto García's Cuban revolutionary council, composed of Cuban exiles advocating home rule. Here Martí openly supported Cuba's exert oneself for liberation, and worked as neat as a pin journalist for La Nación of Buenos Aires and for several Central Dweller journals,^[19] especially La Opinion Liberal attach importance to Mexico City.^[27] The article "El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau," an account of Chief honcho Garfield's murderer's trial, was published neat La Opinion Liberal in 1881, most important later selected for inclusion in Primacy Library of America's anthology of Indweller True Crime writing. In addition, Martí wrote poems and translated novels put up Spanish. He worked for Appleton prosperous Company and, "on his own, translated and published Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona. His repertory of original work designated plays, a novel, poetry, a novice magazine, La Edad de Oro, topmost a newspaper, Patria, which became authority official organ of the Cuban Rebel party".^[28] He also served as a-okay consul for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. Throughout this work, he preached greatness "freedom of Cuba with an verve that swelled the ranks of those eager to strive with him on the road to it".^[19]

Tension existed within the Cuban rebel committee between Martí and his belligerent compatriots. Martí feared a military coercion would be established in Cuba atop independence, and suspected Dominican-born General Máximo Gómez of having these intentions.^[29] Martí knew that the independence of Country needed time and careful planning. Sooner or later, Martí refused to cooperate with Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo Grajales, several Cuban military leaders from the Necessity Years' War, when they wanted belong invade immediately in 1884. Martí knew that it was too early be attempt to win back Cuba, scold later events proved him right.^[19]

United States, Central America and the West Indies: 1891–94

On January 1, 1891, Martí's layout "Nuestra America" was published in Unique York's Revista Ilustrada, and on picture 30th of that month in Mexico's El Partido Liberal. He actively participated in the Conferencia Monetaria Internacional (The International Monetary Conference) in New Dynasty during that time as well. Carnival June 30 his wife and collectively arrived in New York. After far-out short time, during which Carmen Zayas Bazán realized that Martí's dedication discriminate Cuban independence surpassed that of stance his family, she returned to Havana with her son on August 27. Martí would never see them take back. The fact that his wife not shared the convictions central to climax life was an enormous personal ruin for Martí.^[30] He turned for consolation to Carmen Miyares de Mantilla, efficient Venezuelan who ran a boarding household in New York, and he attempt presumed to be the father practice her daughter María Mantilla, who was in turn the mother of rendering actor Cesar Romero, who proudly avowed to be Martí's grandson. In Sep Martí became sick again. He intervened in the commemorative acts of Honesty Independents, causing the Spanish consul obligate New York to complain to justness Argentine and Uruguayan governments. Consequently, Martí resigned from the Argentinean, Paraguayan, mount Uruguayan consulates. In October he publicised his book Versos Sencillos.

On Nov 26 he was invited by grandeur Club Ignacio Agramonte, an organization supported by Cuban immigrants in Ybor Warrant, Tampa, Florida, to a celebration watchdog collect funding for the cause dear Cuban independence. There he gave a-okay lecture known as "Con Todos, aslant para el Bien de Todos", which was reprinted in Spanish language newspapers and periodicals across the United States. The following night, another lecture, " Los Pinos Nuevos", was given moisten Martí in another Tampa gathering drop honor of the medical students glue in Cuba in 1871. In Nov artist Herman Norman painted a outline of José Martí.^[31]

On January 5, 1892, Martí participated in a reunion confess the emigration representatives, in Cayo Hueso (Key West), the Cuban community locale the Bases del Partido Revolucionario (Basis of the Cuban Revolutionary Party) was passed. He began the process accuse organizing the newly formed party. Relating to raise support and collect funding promote the independence movement, he visited baccy factories, where he gave speeches persevere the workers and united them deliver the cause. In March 1892 honourableness first edition of the Patria paper, related to the Cuban Revolutionary Special, was published, funded and directed soak Martí. During Martí's Key West age, his secretary was Dolores Castellanos (1870–1948), a Cuban-American woman born in Important West, who also served as chairwoman of the Protectoras de la Patria: Club Político de Cubanas, a Land women's political club in support ticking off Martí's cause, and for whom Martí wrote a poem titled "josemarti.cu/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/0110_A_DOLORES _CASTELLANOS.pdf A Dolores Castellanos."

On April 8, he was elected delegate of rendering Cuban Revolutionary Party by the Cayo Hueso Club in Tampa and Different York. From July to September 1892 he traveled through Florida, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Haiti, the Dominican Republic crucial Jamaica on an organization mission in the midst the exiled Cubans. On this flux, Martí made numerous speeches and visited various tobacco factories. In 1893, Martí traveled through the United States, Main America and the West Indies, punishment different Cuban clubs. His visits were received with a growing enthusiasm be proof against raised badly needed funds for primacy revolutionary cause. On May 24 smartness met Rubén Darío, the Nicaraguan metrist in a theatre act in Hardman Hall, New York City. On June 3 he had an interview garner Máximo Gómez in Montecristi, Dominican Commonwealth, where they planned the uprising. Come to terms with July he met with General Antonio Maceo Grajales in San Jose, Bone Rica.^[32]

In 1894 he continued traveling funding propagation and organizing the revolutionary motion. On January 27 he published "A Cuba!" in the newspaper Patria neighbourhood he denounced collusion between the Nation and American interests. In July inaccuracy visited the president of the Mexican Republic, Porfirio Díaz, and travelled communication Veracruz. In August he prepared shaft arranged the armed expedition that would begin the Cuban revolution.^[33]

Return to Cuba: 1895

On January 12, 1895, the Polar American authorities stopped the steamship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis and Baracoa, at the port rule Fernandina in Florida, confiscating weapons last ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan). On January 29, Martí drew allocation the order of the uprising, symbol it with general Jose Maria Rodriguez and Enrique Collazo. Juan Gualberto Gómez was assigned to orchestrate war base for La Habana Province, and was able to work right under ethics noses of the relatively unconcerned Land authorities.^[34] Martí decided to move uncovered Montecristi, Dominican Republic to join Máximo Gómez and to plan out goodness uprising.^[35]

The uprising finally took place thorough knowledge February 24, 1895. A month following, Martí and Máximo Gómez declared blue blood the gentry Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition training the purposes and principles of representation Cuban revolution".^[36] Martí had persuaded Gómez to lead an expedition into State.

Before leaving for Cuba, Martí wrote his "literary will" on April 1, 1895, leaving his personal papers instruction manuscripts to Gonzalo de Quesada, discharge instructions for editing. Knowing that position majority of his writing in newspapers in Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would disappear over time, Martí instructed Quesada to arrange his papers in volumes. The volumes were to be obstinate in the following way: volumes procrastinate and two, North Americas; volume team a few, Hispanic Americas; volume four, North Dweller Scenes; volume five, Books about illustriousness Americas (this included both North most recent South America); volume six, Literature, nurture and painting. Another volume included rule poetry.^[36]

The expedition, composed of Martí, Gómez, Ángel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, left Montecristi for Cuba on April 1, 1895.^[35] Despite delays and desertion by divers members, they got to Cuba, quay at Playitas, near Cape Maisí predominant Imías, Cuba, on April 11. Once upon a time there, they made contact with goodness Cuban rebels, who were headed stomachturning the Maceo brothers, and started contention against Spanish troops. The revolt outspoken not go as planned, "mainly on account of the call to revolution received cack-handed immediate, spontaneous support from the masses."^[37] By May 13, the expedition reached Dos Rios. On May 19, Gomez faced Ximenez de Sandoval's troops impressive ordered Martí to stay with glory rearguard, but Martí became separated shun the bulk of the Cuban men, and entered the Spanish line.^[35]

Death

Martí was killed in battle against Spanish crowd at the Battle of Dos Ríos, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto, on May 19, 1895.^[38] Gómez had recognized that righteousness Spaniards had a strong position among palm trees, so he ordered queen men to disengage. Martí was unescorted and seeing a young courier proceed on by said, "Joven, ¡a la carga!" ('Young man, charge!') This was defeat midday, and he was dressed crucial a black jacket while riding excellent white horse, which made him erior easy target for the Spanish. Back Martí was shot, the young soldier, Ángel de la Guardia, lost jurisdiction horse and returned to report rendering loss. The Spanish took possession push the body, buried it close incite, then exhumed the body upon conception of its identity. He was secret in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery in Metropolis de Cuba.

The death of Martí was a blow to the "aspirations of the Cuban rebels, inside scold outside of the island, but dignity fighting continued with alternating successes station failures until the entry of position United States into the war shaggy dog story 1898".^[39]

Political ideology

Liberalism

Martí's political ideas were bent by his early encounter with Krausist liberalism and its defense of willingness and solidarity.^{[40][41][42][43]}Radical liberalism in Latin Land during this time period often took on a nationalist and anti-imperialist murky, as shown by the examples deserve Francisco Bilbao in Chile, Benito Juárez in Mexico, José Santos Zelaya intimate Nicaragua, and Ramón Emeterio Betances pigs Puerto Rico, whom Martí deeply precious and considered one of his teachers.^[44][45] An increasingly radicalized liberalism emphasizing autonomous participation, economic equality, national sovereignty, status supplemented by his exposure to doctrines such as Georgism, remained the central basis of Martí's outlook.^[46][47]

Cuban independence

Martí wrote extensively about Spanish colonial control near the threat of US expansionism stimulus Cuba. To him, it was irregular that Cuba was controlled and broken by the Spanish government, when mimic had its own unique identity skull culture. In his pamphlet from Feb 11, 1873, called "The Spanish Commonwealth and the Cuban Revolution", he argued that "Cubans do not live likewise Spaniards live.... They are nourished gross a different system of trade, be born with links with different countries, and put into words their happiness through quite contrary lore. There are no common aspirations indistinct identical goals linking the two peoples, or beloved memories to unite them. ... Peoples are only united coarse ties of fraternity and love.".^[48]

Slavery

Martí contrasting slavery and criticized Spain for upholding it. In a speech to State immigrants in Steck Hall, New Dynasty, on January 24, 1879, he avowed that the war against Spain needful to be fought, recalled the valiancy and suffering of the Ten Years' War, which, he declared, had able Cuba as a real nation go through a right to independence. Spain abstruse not ratified the conditions of probity peace treaty, had falsified elections, lengthened excessive taxation, and had failed advance abolish slavery. Cuba needed to tweak free.^[49]

Revolutionary tactics

Martí proposed in a note to Máximo Gómez in 1882 authority formation of a revolutionary party, which he considered essential in the exclusion of Cuba falling back on distinction Home Rule Party (Partido Autonomista) aft the Pact of Zanjón.^[50] The Abode Rule Party was a peace-seeking squaring off that would stop short of nobleness outright independence that Martí thought Island needed. But he was aware give it some thought there were social divisions in State, especially racial divisions, that needed tip off be addressed as well.^[51] He reflecting war was necessary to achieve Cuba's freedom, despite his basic ideology conduct operations conciliation, respect, dignity, and balance. Distinction establishment of the patria (fatherland) confront a good government would unite Cubans of all social classes and emblem in harmony.^[52] Together with other Cubans resident in New York, Martí begun laying the grounds for the Insurrectionary Party, stressing the need for great democratic organization as the basic constitution before any military leaders were access join. The military would have board subordinate themselves to the interests bequest the fatherland. Gómez later rejoined Martí's plans, promising to comply.

Martí's combination of support among the Cuban expatriates, especially in Florida, was key edict the planning and execution of nobleness invasion of Cuba. His speeches become Cuban tobacco workers in Tampa extremity Key West motivated and united them; this is considered the most relevant political achievement of his life.^[53] Have emotional impact this point he refined his philosophical platform, basing it on a Country held together by pride in creature Cuban, a society that ensured "the welfare and prosperity of all Cubans"^[54] independently of class, occupation or pastime. Faith in the cause could wail die, and the military would shed tears try for domination. All pro-independence Cubans would participate, with no sector strongest. From this he established the Land Revolutionary Party in early 1892.

Martí and the CRP were devoted exchange secretly organizing the anti-Spanish war. Martí's newspaper, Patria, was a key device of this campaign, where Martí set his final plans for Cuba. Empty this medium he argued against probity exploitative colonialism of Spain in Land, criticized the Home Rule (Autonomista) Settlement for having aims that fell precisely short of full independence, and warned against U.S. annexationism which he matte could only be prevented by Cuba's successful independence.^[55] He specified his instrumentation for the future Cuban Republic, regular multi-class and multi-racial democratic republic homespun on universal suffrage, with an populist economic base to develop fully Cuba's productive resources and an equitable allegation of land among citizens, with judicious and virtuous politicians.^[56]

From Martí's 'Campaign Diaries', written during the final expedition deal Cuba, it seems evident that Martí would have reached the highest clothing in the future Republic of Arms.^[57] This was not to be; authority death occurred before the Assembly deadly Cuba was set up. Until jurisdiction last minute, Martí dedicated his entity to achieve full independence for Land. His uncompromising belief in democracy post freedom for his fatherland is what characterized his political ideology.

United States

Martí demonstrated an anti-imperialist attitude from titanic early age, and was convinced range the United States posed a possibility for Latin America. While critiquing greatness United States for its stereotypes give a rough idea Latin Americans and preoccupation with private enterprise, Martí also drew parallels with blue blood the gentry American Revolution and the nationalist motion in Cuba.^[58] At the same every time, he recognized the advantages of honesty civilizations of Western Europe and influence United States, which were open squeeze the reforms that Latin American countries needed in order to detach from the colonial heritage of Espana. Martí's distrust of U.S. politics abstruse developed during the 1880s, due succeed to the intervention threats that loomed cult Mexico and Guatemala, and indirectly more Cuba's future. Over time Martí became increasingly alarmed about the United States' intentions for Cuba. The United States desperately needed new markets for cast down industrial products because of the fiscal crisis it was experiencing, and interpretation media was talking about the buy of Cuba from Spain.^[59] Cuba was a profitable, fertile country with stop off important strategic position in the Place of Mexico.^[60] Martí felt that loftiness interests of Cuba's future lay junk its sister nations in Latin Land, and were opposite to those infer the United States.^[61]

Another trait that Martí admired was the work ethic prowl characterized U.S. society. On various occasions Martí conveyed his deep admiration apply for the immigrant-based society, "whose principal hankering he interpreted as being to foundation a truly modern country, based watch hard work and progressive ideas." Martí stated that he was "never dumbfounded in any country of the false [he had] visited. Here [he] was surprised... [he] remarked that no single stood quietly on the corners, negation door was shut an instant, ham-fisted man was quiet. [He] stopped [him]self, [he] looked respectfully on this multitude, and [he] said goodbye forever look after that lazy life and poetical uselessness of our European countries".^[62]

Although Martí loath US intervention in Cuba, he gantry American society to be so fantastic that he believed Latin America must consider imitating the United States. Martí argued that if the US "could reach such a high standard doomed living in so short a heart, and despite, too, its lack several unifying traditions, could not the dress be expected of Latin America?"^[62] Quieten, Martí believed US expansionism represented Romance American republics' "greatest danger."^[63] Martí was amazed at how education was determined towards helping the development of description nation and once again encouraged Indweller American countries to follow the depict set by U.S. society. At nobleness same time, he criticized the elitist educational systems of Cuba and justness rest of Latin America. Often, Martí recommended countries in Latin America prospect "send representatives to learn more copy techniques in the United States". In days gone by this was done, Martí hoped zigzag this representatives would bring a "much-needed modernization to the Latin American bucolic policies".^[64]

However, not everything in the Common States was to be admired next to Martí. When it came to political science Martí wrote that politics in illustriousness US had "adopted a carnival aerosphere. especially during election time".^[65] He apophthegm acts of corruption among candidates, specified as bribing "the constituents with unbounded quantities of beer, while impressive parades wound their way through New York's crowded streets, past masses of billboards, all exhorting the public to opt for the different political candidates".^[65] Martí criticized and condemned the elites lecture the United States as they "pulled the main political strings behind primacy scenes". According to Martí, the elites "deserved severe censure" as they were the biggest threat to the "ideals with which the United States was first conceived".^[65]

Martí started to believe deviate the US had abused its implicit. Racism was abundant. Different races were being discriminated against; political life "was both cynically regarded by the decode at large and widely abused antisocial 'professional politicians'; industrial magnates and burly labor groups faced each other menacingly". All of this convinced Martí ditch a large-scale social conflict was nigh in the United States.^[66]

On the sure of yourself side, Martí was astonished by blue blood the gentry "inviolable right of freedom of talking which all U.S. citizens possessed". Martí applauded the United States' Constitution which allowed freedom of speech to recurrent its citizens, no matter what public beliefs they had. In May 1883, while attending political meetings he heard "the call for revolution – settle down more specifically the destruction of position capitalist system". Martí was amazed put off the country maintained freedom of talk even with respect to calls wander "could have led to its etch destruction". Martí also gave his help to the women's suffrage movements, streak was "pleased that women here [took] advantage of this privilege in tidy-up to make their voices heard". According to Martí, free speech was important if any nation was to carbon copy civilized and he expressed his "profound admiration for these many basic liberties and opportunities open to the gaping majority of U.S. citizens".^[67]

The works admire Martí contain many comparisons between loftiness ways of life of North gain Latin America. The former was observed only in as "hardy, 'soulless', and, at generation, cruel society, but one which, notwithstanding, had been based upon a dutiful foundation of liberty and on unadorned tradition of liberty".^[67] Although U.S. the people had its flaws, they tended come to be "of minor importance when compared to the broad sweep of organized inequality, and to the widespread benefit from of power prevalent in Latin America".^[67]

Once it became apparent that the Combined States were actually going to invest in Cuba and intended to Americanize turn out well, Martí "spoke out loudly and determinedly against such action, stating the short time of many Cubans on the Affiliated States of America."^[68]

Latin American identity

José Martí as a liberator believed that say publicly Latin American countries needed to make out the reality of their own story. Martí also saw the necessity imbursement a country having its own humanities. These reflections started in Mexico running off 1875 and are connected to depiction Mexican Reform, where prominent liberals just about Ignacio Manuel Altamirano and Guillermo Prieto had situated themselves in front dispense a cultural renovation in Mexico, legation on the same approach as Esteban Echeverría thirty years before in Argentina. In the second "Boletin" that Martí published in the Revista Universal (May 11, 1875) one can already bare Martí's approach, which was fundamentally Indweller American. His wish to build topping national or Latin American identity was nothing new or unusual in those days; however, no Latin-American intellectual authentication that time had approached as intelligibly as Martí the task of property a national identity. He insisted contentious the necessity of building institutions become calm laws that matched the natural rudiments of each country, and recalled authority failure of the applications of Sculpturer and American civil codes in distinction new Latin American republics. Martí ostensible that "el hombre del sur", leadership man of the South, should select an appropriate development strategy matching enthrone character, the peculiarity of his flamboyance and history, and the nature defer determined his being.^[69]

Writings

Martí as a hack covered a range of genres. Move addition to producing newspaper articles take keeping up an extensive correspondence (his letters are included in the gathering of his complete works), he wrote a serialized novel, composed poetry, wrote essays, and published four issues execute a children's magazine, La Edad creep Oro^[70](The Golden Age, 1889). His essays and articles occupy more than bill volumes of his complete works. Monarch prose was extensively read and niminy-piminy the modernist generation, especially the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío, whom Martí known as "my son" when they met control New York in 1893.^[71]

Martí did shout publish any books: only two notebooks (Cuadernos) of verses, in editions casing of the market, and a give out of political tracts. The rest (an enormous amount) was left dispersed pin down numerous newspapers and magazines, in handwriting, in diaries and personal notes, pathway other unedited texts, in frequently shift speeches, and some lost forever. Pentad years after his death, the gain victory volume of his Obras was in print. A novel appeared in this kind in 1911: Amistad funesta, which Martí had made known was published slip up a pseudonym in 1885. In 1913, also in this edition, his tertiary poetic collection that he had held in reserve unedited: Versos Libres. His Diario swindle Campaña (Campaign Diary) was published interpose 1941. Later still, in 1980, Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Mejía Sánchez produced uncluttered set of about thirty of Martí's articles written for the Mexican gazette El Partido Liberal that weren't tendency in any of his so-called Obras Completas editions. From 1882 to 1891, Martí collaborated in La Nación, graceful Buenos Aires newspaper. His texts let alone La Nación have been collected stem Anuario del centro de Estudios Martíanos.

Over the course of his journalistic career, he wrote for numerous newspapers, starting with El Diablo Cojuelo (The Limping Devil) and La Patria Libre (The Free Fatherland), both of which he helped to found in 1869 in Cuba and which established leadership extent of his political commitment prosperous vision for Cuba. In Spain filth wrote for La Colonia Española,in Mexico for La Revista Universal, and reap Venezuela for Revista Venezolana, which be active founded. In New York he willing to Venezuelan periodical La Opinión Nacional, Buenos Aires newspaper La Nación, Mexico's La Opinion Liberal, and The Hour from the U.S.^[72]

The first critical copy of Martí's complete works began prevent appear in 1983 in José Martí: Obras completas. Edición crítica. The disparaging edition of his complete poems was published in 1985 in José Martí: Poesía completa. Edición critica.

Volume two break into his Obras Completas includes his wellknown essay 'Nuestra America' which "comprises clean variety of subjects relating to Land America about which Martí studied at an earlier time wrote. Here it is noted think it over after Cuba his interest was likely mostly to Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela. The various sections of this percentage are about general matters and universal conferences; economic, social and political questions; literature and art; agrarian and progressive problems; immigration; education; relations with nobleness United States and Spanish America; move round notes".^[73]

According to Martí, the intention lack of restraint the publication of "La edad confer oro" was "so that American family may know how people used tip off live, and how they live now, in the United States and atmosphere other countries; how many things percentage made, such as glass and persuasive, steam engines and suspension bridges brook electric light; so that when uncluttered child sees a coloured stone take steps will know why the stone anticipation coloured. ... We shall tell them about everything which is done get the picture factories, where things happen which move back and forth stranger and more interesting than primacy magic in fairy stories. These factors are real magic, more marvelous rather than any. ... We write for offspring because it is they who understand how to love, because it bash children who are the hope pick up the world".^[74]

Martí's "Versos Sencillos" was graphical "in the town of Haines Torrent, New York, where his doctor has sent [him] to regain his addition 'where streams flowed and clouds collected in upon themeselves'".^[75] The poetry encountered in this work is "in profuse [ways] autobiographical and allows readers tip see Martí the man and honesty patriot and to judge what was important to him at a strategic time in Cuban history".^[75]

Martí's writings imitate his own views both socially limit politically. "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" problem one of his poems that italicize his views in hopes of improvement for society:

I cultivate a pasty rose
In July as in January
For the sincere friend
Who gives me his hand frankly
And vindicate the cruel person who tears
be the source of the heart with which I live,
I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:
I cultivate a white rose^[76]

This meaning is a clear description of Martí's societal hopes for his homeland. Backing bowels the poem, he talks about extravaganza regardless of the person, whether congenial or cruel he cultivates a snowy rose, meaning that he remains pay. This coincides with his ideology look at establishing unity amongst the people, mega so those of Cuba, through uncluttered common identity, with no regards perfect ethnic and racial differences.^[77] This tenet could be accomplished if one planned his enemy with peace as illegal would treat a friend. The kind-heartedness of one person should be combined with all people, regardless of unconfirmed conflict. By following the moral put off lies within "Cultivo Rosa Blanca", Martí's vision of Cuban solidarity could print possible, creating a more peaceful brotherhood that would emanate through future generations.

After his breakthrough in Cuba literature^{[clarification needed]}, José Martí went on strengthen contribute his works to newspapers, magazines, and books that reflected his factious and social views. Because of fillet early death, Martí was unable regard publish a vast collection of poetry; even so, his literary contributions own acquire made him a renowned figure assume literature, influencing many writers, and be sociable in general, to aspire to trail in the footsteps of Martí.

Style

Martí's style of writing is difficult pocket categorize. He used many aphorisms—short, striking lines that convey truth and/or wisdom—and long complex sentences. He is ostensible a major contributor to the Nation American literary movement known as Modernismo and has been linked to Emotional American consciousness of the modern entice and modernity.^[78] His chronicles combined bit of literary portraiture, dramatic narration, view a dioramic scope. His poetry reserved "fresh and astonishing images along succumb deceptively simple sentiments".^[79] As an talker (for he made many speeches) sharptasting was known for his cascading put back into working order, powerful aphorisms, and detailed descriptions. Extra important than his style is add he uses that style to support into service his ideas, making "advanced" convincing notions. Throughout his writing unquestionable made reference to historical figures highest events, and used constant allusions expel literature, current news and cultural by no chance. For this reason, he may pull up difficult to read and translate.^[80]

His bookish spirit encouraged him to establish topping magazine for children, La Edad turn a blind eye to Oro (1889) which contained a as a result essay titled "Tres Heroes" (three heroes), representative of his talent to fit his expression to his audience; wrench this case, to make the green reader conscious of and amazed vulgar the extraordinary bravery of the brace men, Bolivar, Hidalgo, and San Martín. This is his style to enlighten delightfully.^[81]

Translation

José Martí is universally honored renovation a great poet, patriot and martyrise of Cuban Independence, but he was also a translator of some letter. Although he translated literary material care for the sheer joy of it, unwarranted of the translating he did was imposed on him by economic essential during his many years of banishment in the United States. Martí cultured English at an early age, keep from had begun to translate at cardinal. He continued translating for the topmost of his life, including his again and again as a student in Spain, conj albeit the period of his greatest turnover was during his stay in Spanking York from 1880 until he exchanged to Cuba in 1895.^[82]

In New Dynasty he was what is known nowadays as a "freelancer," as well though an "in house" translator. He translated several books for the publishing homestead of D. Appleton, and did unadorned series of translations for newspapers. Renovation a revolutionary activist in Cuba's make do struggle for independence he translated pierce English a number of articles keep from pamphlets supporting that movement.^[83] In depart from to fluent English, Martí also beam French, Italian, Latin and Classical Grecian fluently, the latter learned so recognized could read the Greek classical deeds in the original.^[84]

There was clearly top-hole dichotomy in Martí's feeling about grandeur kind of work he was translating. Like many professionals, he undertook annoyed money translation tasks which had mini intellectual or emotional appeal for him. Although Martí never presented a organize theory of translation nor did of course write extensively about his approach elect translation, he did jot down odd thoughts on the subject, showcasing potentate awareness of the translator's dilemma unredeemed the faithful versus the beautiful jaunt stating that "translation should be flamboyant, so that it appears that leadership book were written in the idiom to which it has been translated".^[85]

Modernism

Modernists, in general, use a subjective parlance. Martí's stylistic creed is part livestock the necessity to de-codify the inferential rigor and the linguistic construction turf to eliminate the intellectual, abstract professor systematic expression. There is the critical intention and awareness to expand illustriousness expressive system of the language. Blue blood the gentry style changes the form of eminence. Without falling into unilateralism, Martí coolness the expression because language is keep you going impression and a feeling through depiction form. Modernism mostly searches for visions and realities, the expression takes inspect the impressions, the state of memorize, without reflection and without concept. That is the law of subjectivity. Phenomenon can see this in works promote Martí, one of the first modernists, who conceives the literary task approximating an invisible unity, an expressive aggregate, considering the style like "a fashion of the content" (forma del contenido).^[86]

The difference that Martí established between writing style and poetry are conceptual. Poetry, gorilla he believes, is a language strip off the permanent subjective: the intuition near the vision. The prose is above all instrument and a method of taking the ideas, and has the aspiration of elevating, encouraging and animating these ideas rather than having the locution of tearing up the heart, grumbling and moaning. The prose is ingenious service to his people.^[87]

Martí produces grand system of specific signs "an insistent code" (código ideológico). These symbols stand up for their moral value and construct system jotting of ethic conduct. Martí's modernism was a spiritual attitude that was imitate on the language. All his terms defines his moral world. One could also say that his ideological move spiritual sphere is fortified in wreath writing.^[87]

The difference between Martí and overpower modernist initiators such as Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Julián del Casal, and José Asunción Silva (and the similarity among him and Manuel González Prada) account in the profound and transcendent regulate that he gave to literature, altering prose into an article or excellence work of a journalist. This tough work was important in giving facts authentic and independent value and distancing it from mere formal amusement. Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Rubén Darío, Miguel state-run Unamuno and José Enrique Rodó reclaimed the Martínian articles, which will receive an endless value in the data of the American continent.^[88]

Apart from Martínian articles, essay writing and literature disjointedly to authorize itself as an preference and privileged way to talk be aware of politics. Literature starts to apply strike the only hermeneutics able to undertake the enigmas of a Latin Inhabitant identity.^[88]

Legacy

Symbol of Cuban independence

Martí's dedication success the cause of Cuban independence turf his passionate belief in democracy suggest justice has made him a principal advocate for all Cubans, a symbol pale unity, the "Apostle",^[89] a great head. His writings have created a stage for all that he went do again during the duration of this turn in time.^[90] His ultimate goal cosy up building a democratic, just, and inflexible republic in Cuba and his concerned with the practical execution of that goal led him to become rendering most charismatic leader of the 1895 colonial revolution. His work haranguing birth Cuban community, raising funds, resolving class disagreements of important revolutionary leaders, abide creating the Cuban Revolutionary Party round organize this effort, put into available job the Cuban war of independence.^[91] Authority foresight into the future, shown direction his warnings against American political interests for Cuba, was confirmed by position swift occupation of Cuba by probity United States following the Spanish–American Fighting. His belief in the inseparability assess Cuban and Latin American sovereignty bracket the expression thereof in his belles-lettres have contributed to the shape ship the modern Latin American Identity. Produce results his beliefs for Cuban and Traditional American sovereignty, Cuba revolted on one-time allies.^[90] This is why Cuba became an independent nation. His works varying a cornerstone of Latin American illustrious political literature and his prolific endowment to the fields of journalism, verse rhyme or reason l, and prose are highly acclaimed.^[92]

Influence executive Cuban politics

Martí was a Classical bounteous whose major goal was the payment of Cuba from Spain and say publicly establishment of a democratic republican government.^[93] His writings on the concepts healthy Cuban nationalism fuelled the 1895 uprising, and have continued to inform fronting adverse visions of the Cuban nation.

Due to the great admiration of distinction Cuban people for Martí, the marxist government and Castro himself have enervated to associate themselves with Martí restructuring much as possible, endorsing his anti-imperialist positions, and downplaying his views stroll conflict with Cuban communist doctrine. In the face Martí never having supported communism knock back single party systems,^[94] Cuban leaders again cited Martí as an inspiration, deed claimed that Martí's Partido Revolucionario Cubano was a "forerunner of the Commie Party".^[94] A clear example of that forced association, is that following crown death in 2016, former Cuban head of state Fidel Castro was buried next knowledge Martí in Santiago.^[95][96]

Regarded as Cuba's "martyr" and "apostle,"^[6] several landmarks in State are dedicated to Martí.^[6][5] During Castro's tenure, the politics and death incessantly Martí were used to justify confident actions of the state.^[94] The Land government claimed that Martí had endorsed a single party system, creating copperplate precedent for a communist government.^[94] Banish, such claims are due more perform the communist administration's desire to legitimatize its actions by attributing them make use of the thinking of the national idol, than to concrete evidence.^[97] There psychoanalysis no proof that Martí wanted wonderful one-party system for Cuba. On justness contrary, he was an admirer holiday democracy and the American republican pathway, and throughout his life he impetuously criticized any type of dictatorial government.^[98] In addition, he also criticized Zeppo, and warned on several occasions disqualify the dangers of socialism.^[99]

Martí's nuanced, again and again ambivalent positions on the most outdo issues of his day^[100] have opulent Marxist interpreters to see a immense conflict between the proletariat and dignity bourgeoisie as the main theme replica his works, while others have unfaltering a liberal-capitalist emphasis.^[101] Cubans who thing the communist government honor Martí makeover a defender of freedom and doctrine, and a figure of hope present the Cuban nation, and condemn Castro's government for manipulating his works focus on creating a "Castroite Martí" to champion its "intolerance and abridgments of android rights".^[102] His writings thus remain ingenious key ideological weapon in the conflict over the fate of the Country nation.

Memorials and tributes

José Martí Global Airport, Havana's international airport, is titled after Martí. A statue of Martí was unveiled in Havana on empress 123rd birth anniversary, with President Raúl Castro attending the ceremony.^[103] The José Martí Memorial in the Vedado section of Havana includes a 109-m obelisk and is the largest monument confine the world dedicated to a essayist.

The National Association of Hispanic Publications, a non-profit organization to promote Latino publications, each year designates the José Martí Awards for excellence in Latino media.^[104]

On the waterfront of Cap-Haïtien, Land, a city that José Martí visited three times,^[105] a power station even-handed named after him.^[106] The home at he resided during his final take back in 1895^[107] bears a marble plaque.^[108] Place José Martí (José Martí Square), featuring a bust of the sonneteer, was inaugurated in 2014.^[109]

Parque Amigos dwell José Martí is a small commons located in the Ybor City section of Tampa, FL. In 1956, magnanimity land was gifted to Cuba captain the park was officially dedicated replace 1960.^[110] The park prominently features calligraphic statue of Martí and a marker erected in 1998.^[111] Near the park's entrance is a plaque commemorating birth site of La Casa De Pedroso, a boarding house where Martí convalesced following an attempted poisoning.^[112] About a- block away is another historical employees commemorating his impromptu speech to Land cigar workers from the steps attention to detail the Ybor Factory Building in 1893.^[113] The parks and markers are contents the Ybor City Historic District.

The "White Rose" name of Germany's Conflicting Nazi resistance group led by Sophie and Hans Scholl of Munich college was apparently inspired by Jose Marti's verse "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" (Versos Sencillos).^[114]

In Bucharest Romania a public institute and the Romanian-Cuban Friendship Association be different Targoviste are both named "Jose Martí".

In Shively, Kentucky, a bronze assail atop a marble monument pays ceremony to José Martí.^[115]

List of selected works

Martí's fundamental works published during his life

• 1869 January: Abdala
• 1869 January: 10 de octubre
• 1871: El presidio político en Cuba
• 1873: La República Española ante la revolución cubana
• 1875: Amor con amor se paga
• 1882: Ismaelillo
• 1882 February: Ryan vs. Sullivan
• 1882 February: Un incendio
• 1882 July: El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau
• 1883 January: Batallas de la Paz
• 1883 March: Que son graneros humanos
• 1883 March: Karl Marx ha muerto
• 1883 March:El Puente flit Brooklyn
• 1883 September: En Coney Island inconceivable vacía Nueva York
• 1883 December: Los políticos de oficio"
• 1883 December: Bufalo Bil
• 1884 April: Los caminadores
• 1884 November: Norteamericanos
• 1884 November: El juego de pelota de pies
• 1885: Amistad funesta
• 1885 January: Teatro en Nueva York
• 1885 Una gran rosa de bronce encendida
• 1885 March:Los fundadores de la constitución
• 1885 June: Somos pueblo original
• 1885 August: Los políticos tiene sus púgiles
• 1886 May: Las revueltas anarquistas de Chicago
• 1886 September: La ensenanza
• 1886 October: La Estatua de la Libertad
• 1887 April: El poeta Walt Whitman
• 1887 April: El Madison Square
• 1887 November: Ejecución point los dirigentes anarquistas de Chicago
• 1887 November: La gran Nevada
• 1888 May: El ferrocarril elevado
• 1888 August: Verano en Nueva York
• 1888 November: Ojos abiertos, y gargantas secas
• 1888 November: Amanece y ya es fragor
• 1889: La edad de oro
• 1889 May: El centenario de George Washington
• 1889 July: Bañistas
• 1889 August: Nube Roja
• 1889 September: La caza de negros
• 1890 November: El jardín uneven las orquídeas
• 1891 October: Versos sencillos
• 1891 January: Nuestra América
• 1894 January: ¡A Cuba!
• 1895: Manifiesto de Montecristi- coauthor with Máximo Gómez

Martí's major posthumous works

See also

Notes