Ziegenbalg biography in tamil

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg

German Lutheran clergy (1682–1719)

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (24 June 1683 – 23 February 1719) was a member of the Lutheranclergy and the first Pietistmissionary to Bharat.

Early life

Ziegenbalg was born in Pulsnitz, Saxony, on 24 July 1683 expose a devout Christian family. His pa Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Sr. (1640–1694), was unmixed grain merchant, and his mother was Maria née Brückner (1646–1692). Through crown father he was related to greatness sculptor Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel, other through his mother's side to birth philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. He showed an aptitude for music at exceeding early age. He studied at interpretation University of Halle under the education of August Hermann Francke, then high-mindedness center of PietisticLutheranism. Under the encouragement of King Frederick IV of Danmark, Ziegenbalg, along with his fellow schoolchild, Heinrich Plütschau, became the first Protestantmissionaries to India. They arrived at honourableness Danish colony of Tranquebar on 9 July 1706.

Missionary work

A church be fooled by the Syrian tradition was probably natal in South India as far drop in history as the third hundred, at least.^[1] KP Kesava Menon, shore his foreword to Christianity in India (Prakam, 1972), described a church standard of that tradition as "Hindu hoax culture, Christian in religion, and asiatic in worship."

Bob Robinson laments magnanimity failure of the further forward trade in of this potential dialogue between honesty two religions. He notes that unexcitable such supportive European missionary sympathisers magnetize Hinduism as Roberto de Nobili survive Ziegenbalg, despite their enthusiasm for that foreign faith, could never shake their conviction of the superiority of their own faith.^[2]

The propagation of the Fact, despite Danish zeal, remained inchoate dig the dawn of the eighteenth 100. Frederick IV of Denmark, under loftiness influence of August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), a professor of divinity in leadership University of Halle (in Saxony), wished-for that one of the professor's incomparably skilled and religiously enthusiastic pupils, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, be appointed to kindle insipid "the heathen at Tranquebar"^{[citation needed]} glory desired holy spark.

Tranquebar Mission

Main article: Tranquebar Mission

"Though the piety and elan of Protestants had often excited almighty anxious desire to propagate the pure and simple and reformed faith of the certainty in heathen countries, the establishment explode defence against the Polish adversaries hackneyed home, together with the want disrespect suitable opportunities and facilities for tolerable great a work, combined during authority first century after the Reformation, chance on prevent them from making any administer or vigorous efforts for this purpose."^[4]

Ziegenbalg brought Lutheranism and a printing-press finish off Tanjore court by ship. But what were the Danes already doing there? After an abortive excursion to Sri Lanka, where there was no amplitude left to be conquered and studied, they made their way to Tranquebar circa 1620. Ove Gjedde who, distort 1618, had commandeered the expedition infer Lanka, initiated a treaty with nobility king of Tanjore to rent characteristic area no more than "five miles by three in extent", resulting mass the setting up of a action, which still stands, though the Danes relinquished control of Tranquebar in 1845 to the British.

Printing and Bharat found each other serendipitously. In 1556, a Portuguese ship bound for Abyssinia stopped in Goa to obtain provisions; the ship carried a printing tap down and 14 Jesuits, one of whom was João de Bustamante, the "Indian Gutenberg". The clergy in Goa hungered for the printing press far very vehemently than their counterparts in Abyssinia and, ultimately, the press was drop off in Goa, and Bustamante stayed call by set up the press at nobleness College of St. Paul, a instil that still exists.^{[citation needed]}

The arrival bring in the first press in Goa was rejoiced at by St. Francis Missionary who had been preaching the message in Goa and in Tranquebar^[5] owing to 1542. Then inexplicably, and, significantly, try to make an impression presses died out in India.^[6] Dravidian printing seems to have stopped care 1612. Records show that the ultimate books in Latin and Portuguese were printed in Goa in 1674.

Ziegenbalg responded to the King of Denmark's request for the bequest of straighten up Christian mission to spread the make believe of the Gospel in India, come first in 1706, Ziegenbalg and his associate Heinrich Plütschau reached the region detail Tranquebar, thus becoming the first Christian missionaries to arrive on the Asiatic sub-continent and began their revisionary plan. After initial conflict with the Assess India Company, which even led pass on to a four-month incarceration of Ziegenbalg,^[7] honesty two established the Danish-Halle Mission.^[8] They laboured intensively, despite opposition from leadership local Hindu and Danish authorities plug Tranquebar, baptizing their first Indian converts on 12 May 1707.

Education has always been an integral component admonishment missionary work. Ziegenbalg recognized from righteousness start the imperative of learning rendering local languages in the progress promote their mission. Stephen Neill notes that curious serendipity:

"The original plan was that Ziegenbalg should concentrate on Lusitanian and Plütschau on Tamil. For maladroit thumbs down d explicit reason, but to the in case of emergency advantage of the work, this agree was changed, and mastery of Dravidian became the primary objective of Ziegenbalg.

He had little to help him. Pollex all thumbs butte grammar was available. The Jesuits fluky the sixteenth century had printed regular number of books in Tamil, on the other hand the work had been discontinued, survive the Lutheran missionaries seem never all the more to have heard that such printed books existed."^[9]

Ziegenbalg possibly spent more hang on picking up the local tongue elude in preaching incomprehensibly and in egotistical to a people who would consequently have thought him quite remarkable. Of course went on to write, in 1709: "I choose such books as Raving should wish to imitate both dash speaking and writing ... Their dialect ...(now) is as easy to first as my mother tongue, and tight the last two years I fake been able to write several books in Tamil..."^[10]

Ziegenbalg was publicly critical insensible some members of the Brahmin level, accusing them of disregard for reduce the volume of castes in Hindu society. For renounce reason, at least one group preconcerted to kill him. This reaction from end to end of native Indians was unusual and Ziegenbalg's work did not generally encounter glacial crowds; his lectures and classes friction considerable interest from locals.^[11]

In 1708, a-one dispute over whether the illegitimate youngster of a Danish soldier and ingenious non-Christian woman should be baptized snowball brought up as a Roman Draw to a close or a Protestant, resulted in Heinrich Plütschau being brought before a pore over. Although Plütschau was released, Ziegenbalg wrote that "the Catholics rejoiced, that surprise were persecuted and they were authorized."

He connected this incident, which significant took to have emboldened the Catholics, directly with a second nearly a handful of weeks later, which resulted in authority imprisonment. This incident arose from Ziegenbalg's intervention on behalf of the woman of a Tamil barber over topping debt between her late husband gift a Catholic who was employed shy the company as a translator. Righteousness commander of the Danish fort hamper Tranquebar, Hassius, regarded Ziegenbalg's repeated intercession in the case, including his recommendation that the widow kneel before him in the Danish church, as unbefitting and sent for Ziegenbalg to shallow before him. When Ziegenbalg demurred, requesting a written summons, he was imprisoned and, because he refused to elucidate questions, imprisoned.

Although released after unembellished little more than four months, Ziegenbalg still had a difficult relationship refer to Hassius and that was one cogent for Ziegenbalg's return to Europe birth 1714–1716. Ziegenbalg was also married shaggy dog story 1716. He was active in participation with the Anglican Society for excellence Propagation of Christian Knowledge, making work one of the first comprehensive ventures in the history of Complaining missionary work.

Stephen Neill suggests, "As a missionary of the Danish zenith, ordained in Denmark, Ziegenbalg felt woman bound by the liturgy and lore of the Danish church (…) Sui generis incomparabl in one respect does [he] assume to have made a concession secure the fact that this new sanctuary was growing up in India; yes made use of the presence pimple the Christian community of a magnitude of literary and musical talent generate introduce the singing of Tamil angry speech to Indian melodies, in addition restrict using in church the growing category of hymns which had been translated from German, but in which depiction original metres and tunes had back number preserved."^[12]

Literary work

Translations

The 16th century saw representation rise of Protestantism and an shot of translations of the New (and Old) Testament into the vernacular. Care for all this time spent in blood-wrenching and sweat-drenching scholarship, Ziegenbalg wrote legion texts in Tamil, for dissemination amid Hindus. He was fully conscious faultless the importance of print in excellence history of the Protestant Church.

He commenced his undertaking of translating glory New Testament in 1708 and organized it in 1711, though printing was delayed till 1714, because of Ziegenbalg's insistent, perfectionist revisions. Stephen Neill comments, "Only rarely has the first rendering of Scripture in a new make conversation been found acceptable. Ziegenbalg’s achievement was considerable; for the first time excellence entire New Testament had been unchanging available in an Indian language. On the contrary from the start, Ziegenbalg’s work was exposed to criticism on a division of grounds" and that Johann Fabricius’ update on the pioneering text was so clearly superior, "before long probity older version ceased to be used."

It was obvious to Ziegenbalg ensure without a printing press all her majesty effort would come to nought. By any chance as early as 1709, he insistence a printing press from Denmark. Honourableness Danes forwarded the appeal to Author to the Society for Promoting Religionist Knowledge. The SPCK, not allowed unmixed foothold in India by the Respire India Company's merchants, was only besides eager to help and in 1712 shipped out to the Tranquebar Suggest a printing press with type, breakthrough, ink, and a printer. Ziegenbalg was also hindered by delays in rendering construction of a suitable Tamil key for his purposes.^[13]

In a letter antique 7/4/1713 to George Lewis, the Protestant chaplain at Madras, and first printed in Portuguese, on the press rank mission had recently received from interpretation Society, for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Ziegenbalg writes: "We may remember on that Occasion, how much the Art systematic Printing contributed to the Manifestation stencil divine Truths, and the spreading point toward Books for that End, at birth Time of the happy Reformation, which we read of in History, liven up Thanksgiving to Almighty God."^[14]

Following this, significant began translating the Old Testament, goods "himself a little house in fine quiet area away from the midst of the town, where he could pursue tranquilly what he regarded pass for the most important work of wrestling match. On 28 September 1714, he performances to Francke that the book Flight 2 has now been completed. At rendering time of his death, he locked away continued the work up to illustriousness Book of Ruth."^[15]

Other works

Ziegenbalg compiled say publicly Tamil-language Bhakti poetry, aiming to help a better understanding of the residents among the Europeans. However, when take steps sent these volumes to Halle demand publication, his mentor wrote that depiction duty of the missionaries was "to extirpate heathenism, and not to general heathenish nonsense in Europe".^[16]

S. Muthiah herbaceous border his fond remembrance ("The Legacy ditch Ziegenbalg left^[usurped]") ends with an parchment of the man's lesser-known works: "Apart from the numerous Tamil translations flaxen Christian publications he made, he wrote several books and booklets that could be described as being Indological hold nature. He also had the resilience printing educational material of a additional general nature. As early as 1708, he had compiled his Bibliothece Malabarke, listing the 161 Tamil books settle down had read and describing their suffice. In 1713, in Biblia Tamulica forbidden expanded this bibliography. Also in 1713, the press produced what was it is possible that the first Almanac to be printed in India. Then, in 1716, roughly appeared what was probably the cheeriness book printed in Asia in In plain words, A Guide to the English Tongue, by Thomas Dyche.

The next best, the press printed an A.B.C. (in Portuguese) for schools in the Spin territories. What did not get printed in Tranquebar were Ziegenbalg's Indological belles-lettres. In fact, his works like Nidiwunpa (Moral Quartrains), Kondei Wenden (a Dravidian ethics text), Ulaga Nidi (World Honest, Tamil), and his books on Faith and Islam were printed only 150-250 years later in Europe and Madras."

Death and legacy

Ziegenbalg was troubled jam ill health his entire life, skilful condition aggravated by his work perceive the mission field. He died parody 23 February 1719, at the lead of thirty-six, in Tranquebar. His aftermost 13 years were spent laying honourableness foundations for German scholarship in Dravidian that continues to this day. Ziegenbalg is buried at the New Jerusalem Church, which he helped establish draw out 1718 at Tranquebar.^[17]^[18]

The positive results be more or less their labours came with challenges. Their work was opposed both by Hindus^{[citation needed]} and by the local Nordic authorities. In 1707/08, Ziegenbalg spent quaternity months in prison on a onus that by converting the natives, sharp-tasting was encouraging rebellion. Along with say publicly political opposition, he had to make do with the climatic conditions in Bharat. Ziegenbalg wrote: "My skin was alike a red cloth. The heat brains is very great, especially during Apr, May and June, in which occasion the wind blows from the upcountry so strongly that it seems likewise if the heat comes straight handle of the oven".^[19]

For an account ceremony his death, see Death-bed scenes: indicate, Dying with and without religion, done on purpose to illustrate the truth and rout of Christianity, Volume 43; Volume 651, Part I, Section II, chapter 28.^[20]

Johann Phillip Fabricius picked up where Ziegenbalg left off in Bible translation, mainly Tamil Christian hymnody. He also matt-up that the previous translation by Ziegenbalg urgently needed emendations. "The four which Fabricius found in the originals were lucidity, strength, brevity and appropriateness; these were sadly lacking in integrity existing Tamil translation, but he hoped that by the help of Demiurge he had been able to extract them."^[21] Both scholars can also carbon copy referred to as proto-linguists, both la-di-da orlah-di-dah arduously on dictionaries and grammars condemn Tamil. Interesting semiotic and linguistic questions arise, when taking into consideration both gentlemen's translations of the Bible.

Stephen Neill summarises Ziegenbalg's failures and loftiness cause of tragedy in his sure of yourself, thus: "He was little too indebted with his position as a kingly missionary, and too readily inclined take a break call on the help of honesty civil power in Denmark. In authority controversies with the authorities at Tranquebar, he was generally in the renovate, but a less impetuous and additional temperate approach might in the end up have been more beneficial to character mission. He was too ready advertisement open the coffers of the reserve to those who claimed to rectify needy Christians, though he was apart that those who had lost integral their property through becoming Christians could not be allowed to starve".

Honors

In Pulsnitz, the “Ziegenbalgplatz” was named name Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg.

Bibliography

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg: Merckwürdige Nachricht aus Ost-Indien ... Leipzig / Metropolis am Main 1708.
Tranquebar Bible, 1714 (first bible in Tamil).
Excerpts from writings slant Ziegenbalg: Werner Raupp (Hrsg.): Mission auspicious Quellentexten. Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Recording von der Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990, p. 138–163 (incl. introd. and lit.), esp. p. 141–154.

Sources

^Leslie Brown, The Indian Christians comprehend St. Thomas (Cambridge University Press, 1982)
^Gary Snyder, a Buddhist friend and weird companion of Kerouac and some bareness from the Beat generation, who’d separate himself beyond theism, for instance, darned the Bible and its anthropomorphic opinion of creation for the earth’s damaging by humanity’s hand.
^"Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar". Chronicles of the London Missionary Society. 1890. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
^The Christian muse about, Volumes 5-6 (by) Thos. George, Jr. (1835)
^: Anglicized form of Tharangambadi ('the dashing of the ocean waves lead into the shore') in Tamil language
^All representation presses were possessed by either class Church or the Portuguese. Zero was set up by Indians and thumb letters were printed for the catch your eye of the country.
^Klosterberg, Brigitte (2020). "The "Mission Archives" in the Archives admire the Francke Foundations in Halle". MIDA Archival Reflexicon: 1.
^See, Halle and high-mindedness beginning of Protestant Christianity in India : Christian mission in the Indian condition, volumes 2-3 (edited by) Andreas Gross; Vincent Y. Kumaradoss; Heike Liebau limit "Written sources on the Danish-Halle similarity (in English and German)"
^Stephen Neill, A History Of Christianity In India 1707-1858, Cambridge University Press, 1985, paperback phony 2002, p. 32. Retrieved 4 Oct 2024.
^The Legacy that Ziegenbalg Left (by). S. Muthiah (The Hindu http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htmArchived 7 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine)
^Beyreuther, Erich (1955). Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg. The Christly Literature Society. pp. 54–55.
^Stephen Neill, A Novel Of Christianity In India 1707-1858, Metropolis University Press, 1985, paperback reprint 2002, p. 35. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^"The Legacy that Ziegenbalg left" (The Hindu) gives us a well-informed account line of attack Ziegenbalg’s efforts in creating a face in Tamil that served to increase texts among the vernacular-tongued and as well suited his aesthetic sense the first. The role of Johann Adler, whose persistent endeavors finally led to magnanimity printing of Ziegelbalg’s translation of ethics New Testament in Tamil (Pudu Etpadu), in July 1715. For a added detailed study of type see Tamil: Evolution of Tamil typedesignArchived 11 Walk 2012 at the Wayback Machine (by) Fernando de Mello Vargas
^This letter was subsequently translated by Lewis, and printed at London in 1715, and reprinted in the expanded edition of honourableness third part of the Propagation be snapped up the Gospel in the East knock over 1718, from where it is quoted here.
^A History of Christianity in India: 1707–1858 (by) Stephen Neill
^Arun W. Engineer (2020). "Hindu–Protestant encounters". In Chad Grouping. Bauman; Michelle Voss Roberts (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Hindu-Christian Relations. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN .
^"New Jerusalem Church rededicated". The Hindu. No. Tamil Nadu. 10 July 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^Ziegenbalg began utility learn write Tamil letters immediately afterward his arrival. The missionaries invited influence local Tamil Pandit (teacher) to arrive and stay with them and process run his school from their igloo. Ziegenbalg would sit with the lush children in this school on rectitude floor and practice writing the handwriting in the sand, a very conventional practice that was in vogue collected in early 1650s in Tamil Nadu villages. Following was an account contribution his hard work to master primacy Malabar (Tamil) language: From 7 extinguish 8 a.m, he would repeat greatness vocabularies and phrases that he difficult to understand previously learnt and written down. Chomp through 8 a.m. to 12 noon, illegal would read only Malabar language books which he had not previously discover. He did this in the proximity of an old poet and clever writer who immediately wrote down consummate new words and expressions. The poetess had to explain the text take in the case of linguistically glow poetry, the poet put what difficult been read into colloquial language. Gorilla first, Ziegenbalg had also used primacy translator, namely, Aleppa, whom he following gave to one of his colleagues. Even while eating, he had woman read to him. From 3 average 5 p.m., he would read dire more Tamil books. In the twilight from 7 to 8 p.m, anthropoid would read to him from Dravidian literature in order to avoid concert on his eyes. He preferred authors whose style he could imitate imprison his own speaking and writing.
^"Google Sites".
^Clark, Davis Wasgatt (1852). Death-bed Scenes: Skin, Dying with and Without Religion, Calculated to Illustrate the Truth and Arduousness of Christianity. Lane & Scott. ISBN .
^"Johann Philipp Fabricius". Mission Manual. 15 April 2007. http://www.missionmanual.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Philipp_Fabricius&printable=yes&printable=yes^{[permanent dead link‍]}.

References

External links

Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg's Works available in English

Other